生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪的社会危害性相较于其他危害食品安全的犯罪行为更严重，而且近年来涉案人数、涉案金额都不断激增。相对的，立法上的修改和增补也针对生产销售有毒、有害食品的行为做出了更加严厉的惩罚规定。而且2019年权健事件暴雷，百日行动、联合打击欺诈销售“保健品”等监管行动相继而来，监管部门开始对食品行业尤其是保健食品行业进行强有力的监管。故本文结合当下形势选取生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪作为研究对象。本文的研究目的为发现生产销售有毒、有害食品罪的司法认定与立法规定中存在的问题，根据分析结果分别提出了司法和立法的完善建议。本文对2020年已判决的生产销售有毒、有害食品罪案件展开实证研究，分析内容包括犯罪主体特征、行为方式、行为后果、量刑等内容。本文共分为四个部分。

第一部分从整体上制定研究方案和选取合适的样本，并对样本的概况进行统计分析。包括对选择研究罪名和研究方法、制定研究计划、剔除无效样本并在大致浏览样本后对文章整体描绘出轮廓，同时也对目标罪名的近年案发趋势和大致分布状况进行初步考察。向前着眼，从判决书的公布情况来看，近年来生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪的案例总体平稳中呈现下降状态；立足当下，在当前的环境中，华东、华中的人口大省是案发的重灾区。

第二部分主要对生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪的犯罪主体和客观方面进行司法考察。首先在犯罪主体的研究中，以犯罪者为研究中心，围绕犯罪者的年龄、文化程度、犯罪行为的表现等展开分类和统计。对围绕主体的统计中，大部分数据都有一定的规律可循，也较为符合笔者前期的预期，但是在对犯罪行为的细分统计中，笔者发现针对有毒、有害保健食品的生产、销售行为才应当是立法规制和司法打击的重点行业。保健食品的受众明显小于一般食品，但是相关的犯罪行为却超过一般食品的犯罪行为，这是值得立法和司法重视的地方。在对犯罪客观方面的考察中，本文针对犯罪的诸多客观方面进行分类统计及分析。主要包括犯罪行为的发生地点、犯罪行为的对象、犯罪行为的法定加重情节。

第三部分对生产销售有毒、有害食品罪的量刑问题进行司法考察。主要包括自由刑适用和罚金刑适用两方面。并通过对不同变量的考察来分析其对犯罪者适用刑罚的影响。在自由刑总体的量刑方面上呈现出偏轻的特点，缓刑的适用率也远超过我国总体缓刑适用率，在考察不同犯罪构成要素对自由刑刑期的影响时，较为突出的是犯罪行为对刑期长短的影响，由于本罪的特殊性，生产行为、销售行为虽然都是犯罪行为，但是其各自导致的结果却是大相径庭的，这也就导致了犯罪结果的严重程度与犯罪行为息息相关，从而在自由刑刑期上得到体现。在罚金刑方面，犯罪金额与罚金刑的多寡关系最为密切，但是在实践中也存在着一种趋势，即随着犯罪金额的增长，罚金与犯罪金额的倍数反而下降，这是值得在司法重视和立法改进的重点。

第四部分主要对在司法考察中出现的疑难问题进行汇总，并在立法层面和司法层面提出建议。在司法实务中存在着对主观方面的认定困难、量刑错误、量刑标准规范性不足等问题。为了更好的对生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪进行预防和打击，在宏观上我们可以从刑事政策和具体法律两方面入手，调整刑事政策和法律的偏差，以使达到严密、规范的程度；在司法上的建议也可以分为两方面：第一针对裁判者适用法律的错误，人为的错误可以通过学习培训改进；第二是针对裁判者思想上的不平衡导致的裁判不规范的问题，我们可以一定程度的减少裁判者的自由裁量权，以法律的规范性取代裁判者的随意性，使得同案不同判的现象真正得到扭转。

The social harmfulness of the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food is more serious than that of other crimes endangering food safety, and the number and amount of money involved in the crime have been increasing rapidly in recent years. In contrast, the legislative amendments and additions also make more severe penalties for the production and sale of toxic and harmful food. Moreover, in 2019, the right to health incident was a thunderstorm, the hundred day action, the joint crackdown on fraudulent sales of “health products“ and other regulatory actions came one after another, and the regulatory authorities began to carry out strong supervision on the food industry, especially the health food industry. Therefore, this paper selects the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food as the research object. The purpose of this paper is to find out the problems existing in the judicial determination and legislative provisions of the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food. According to the analysis results, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the improvement of the judicial and legislative provisions. This paper makes an empirical study on the cases of production and sale of toxic and harmful food that have been judged in 2020. The analysis includes the characteristics of the subject of the crime, the way of behavior, the consequences of behavior, sentencing and so on. This paper is divided into four parts.

The first part makes the research plan and selects the suitable sample from the whole, and carries on the statistical analysis to the sample survey. It includes the selection of research charges and research methods, the formulation of research plans, the elimination of invalid samples, and the overall outline of the article after browsing the samples. At the same time, it also makes a preliminary investigation on the crime trend and general distribution of the target charges in recent years. Looking ahead, judging from the publication of the judgment, the cases of the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food have declined in recent years; Based on the current situation, in the selected sample cases, the most populous provinces in East and central China are the hardest hit areas.

The second part mainly makes a judicial investigation on the subject and objective aspects of the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food. First of all, in the study of the subject of crime, taking the offender as the research center, the classification and statistics are carried out around the age, education level and criminal behavior of the offender. In the statistics around the main body, most of the data have certain rules to follow, which is also more in line with the author's early expectations. But in the subdivision statistics of criminal behavior, the author found that the production and sales of toxic and harmful health food should be the key industry of legislative regulation and judicial attack. The audience of health food is obviously less than that of general food, but the related criminal acts are more than that of general food, which is worthy of legislative and judicial attention. In the investigation of the objective aspects of crime, this paper makes classified statistics and Analysis on many objective aspects of crime. It mainly includes the place of the crime, the object of the crime and the legal aggravating circumstances of the crime.

The third part of the production and sale of toxic and harmful food crime sentencing issues judicial review. It mainly includes the application of freedom penalty and fine penalty. And through the investigation of different variables to analyze its impact on the criminal penalty. In terms of the overall sentencing of freedom penalty, it is lighter, and the application rate of probation is far higher than that of our country. When we investigate the influence of different elements of crime on the length of free sentence, the more prominent one is the influence of criminal act on the length of sentence. Because of the particularity of this crime, although production act and sales act are criminal acts, However, their respective results are quite different, which leads to the fact that the severity of the criminal results is closely related to the criminal behavior, which is reflected in the free execution period. In the aspect of fine penalty, the amount of crime has the closest relationship with the amount of fine penalty, but there is also a trend in practice, that is, with the increase of the amount of crime, the multiple of fine and the amount of crime decreases, which is the focus of judicial attention and legislative improvement.

The fourth part mainly summarizes the difficult problems in the judicial investigation, and puts forward suggestions at the legislative and judicial levels. In judicial practice, there are some problems, such as the difficulty of subjective identification, the error of sentencing, the lack of standardization of sentencing standards and so on. In order to better prevent and crack down on the crime of producing and selling poisonous and harmful food, we can adjust the deviation of criminal policy and law from macro criminal policy and micro specific law in legislation, so as to achieve a strict and standardized degree; The judicial suggestions can also be divided into two aspects: first, in view of the mistakes of judges in applying the law, human errors can be improved through learning and training; Second, in view of the problem of non-standard judgment caused by the imbalance of the referee's thinking, we can reduce the discretion of the referee to a certain extent, and replace the arbitrariness of the referee with the standardization of the law, so that the phenomenon of different judgments in the same case can be really reversed.