儿童期虐待会给个体的身心健康带来巨大的负面影响，而处于成年早期的大学生恰恰又是各种心理病理学症状的高发期。对有虐待和忽视经历的大学生而言，创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD)和抑郁是这一群体中最为常见的两种心理障碍。本研究在大学生群体中开展的大样本调查的基础上，拟考察PTSD和抑郁的共存关系，并根据PTSD和抑郁的关系特征，通过潜在剖面分析将受试者分为不同的亚群组。融合变量中心和个体中心的分析思路，探究儿童期虐待和忽视的不同类型对各个亚群组大学生PTSD和抑郁的影响，并分析积极自我同情、消极自我同情和羞耻感在其中发挥的中介作用。

研究一对5所高校的5231名大学生进行问卷调查，采用回溯性问卷考察大学生在16岁前所经历的躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视和情感忽视的发生率，以及自我同情、羞耻感、PTSD和抑郁的状况及其在人口学变量和虐待经历上的差异。结果发现，至少报告发生一项虐待和忽视经历的有2968人，占56.7%；躯体虐待发生率为8.5%；情感虐待为30.6%；性虐待为12.9%；躯体忽视为41.3%情感忽视为32.7%。通过潜在剖面分析将PTSD和抑郁根据水平的高低分为了3种类别，分别是低症状组(N = 1197)，中等症状组(N = 1070)和高症状组(N = 701)。

研究二首先考察了不同类型的虐待和忽视对不同类别大学生PTSD和抑郁的直接预测作用。在控制了其他创伤经历以及性别、户籍地等因素后，基于全样本数据的模型发现，躯体虐待、情感虐待和性虐待对PTSD起到正向预测作用，躯体忽视和和情感忽视对PTSD起到负向预测作用，情感虐待和性虐待对抑郁起到正向预测作用。在低症状组中，躯体虐待和性虐待对PTSD不起预测作用。在中症状组中，情感虐待对PTSD起到正向预测作用，躯体忽视对PTSD起到负向预测作用；躯体忽视和情感忽视对抑郁起到正向预测作用。在高症状组中，情感虐待对PTSD起到正向预测作用，情感忽视对PTSD起到负向预测作用，情感虐待、性虐待对抑郁起到正向预测作用。此外，研究二还考察了自我同情和羞耻感在虐待、忽视的不同类型对不同组别大学生PTSD和抑郁影响的中介作用。结果发现，躯体虐待在全样本和低症状组中同时正向预测积极和消极自我同情，情感虐待在全样本和高症状组中正向预测消极自我同情，在低症状组中负向预测积极自我同情；躯体忽视和情感忽视在全样本、低症状组和中症状组中同时负向预测积极和消极自我同情，在高症状组中只有情感忽视负向预测消极自我同情；性虐待对自我同情没有显著预测作用。积极自我同情负向预测羞耻感，消极自我同情正向预测羞耻感；羞耻感在全样本和高症状组中同时正向预测PTSD和抑郁，在低症状组和中等症状组中只对抑郁起到正向预测作用。

研究三选取了99名有童年期虐待或忽视经历的大学生，对其中49人进行了为期8周的正念自我同情（Mindful Self-Compassion, MSC）干预训练，其余50人作为对照组延迟干预。数据分析发现，干预组的PTSD、抑郁、消极自我同情和羞耻感的水平在干预后均显著下降，积极自我同情水平显著上升，且这一干预效果在MSC课程结束后的3个月仍能稳定保持。在将干预组的被试按照其前测的数据分为低症状组、中症状组和高症状组后，以PTSD和抑郁为结果变量，发现三个不同组别的组间效应和个体内变量的交互作用显著，表示三组间随测量时间点的变化趋势不一致。进一步分析发现，MSC可以帮助经历了虐待和忽视的大学生改善其PTSD和抑郁症状，这一效应在中症状组和高症状组中更为明显。

综合三个研究的结果可以发现，PTSD和抑郁为同高同低的共存模式，躯体虐待对大学生心理健康的影响较小，情感虐待对大学生心理健康的消极影响最大，性虐待对大学生心理健康影响有限，躯体忽视和情感忽视在某些情境下可能发挥保护作用，自我同情可以通过影响羞耻感发挥保护性作用，MSC可以有效降低大学生的PTSD和抑郁。

Child maltreatment can cause significant trauma throughout an individual's life. College students are at a higher risk of developing psychological issues during early adulthood. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are two common psychological disorders among college students. It is necessary to explore the impact of child abuse and neglect on PTSD and depression in college students from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. This study intends to conduct a large-scale survey of college students, examine the co-occurrence of PTSD and depression, and classify different subgroups based on the characteristics of PTSD and depression using latent profile analysis. By combining variable-centered and person-centered approaches, this study aims to investigate the impact of different dimensions of child abuse and neglect on PTSD and depression in different subgroups of college students and analyze the mediating effects of positive and negative self-compassion and shame.

Study 1 surveyed 5,231 college students from five universities using retrospective questionnaires to investigate the prevalence of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect experienced before the age of 16, as well as the status of self-compassion, shame, PTSD, and depression and their differences in demographic variables and abuse experiences. The results show that 2,968 college students (56.7%) reported at least one form of child abuse or neglect. The prevalence rates of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect were 8.5%, 30.6%, 12.9%, 41.3%, and 32.7%, respectively. Based on the level of PTSD and depression symptoms, latent profile analysis classified participants into three subgroups: low-symptom group (N = 1,197), medium-symptom group (N = 1,070), and high-symptom group (N = 701).

Study 2 examined the direct effects of different dimensions of abuse and neglect on PTSD and depression in different subgroups of college students. The model based on the full sample data found that physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse had a positive predictive effect on PTSD, while physical neglect and emotional neglect had a negative predictive effect on PTSD. Emotional abuse and sexual abuse had a positive predictive effect on depression. In the low-symptom group, physical abuse and sexual abuse had no predictive effect on PTSD, while emotional abuse had a positive predictive effect on PTSD, and physical neglect had a negative predictive effect on PTSD. Only physical neglect and emotional neglect had a positive predictive effect on depression. In the high-symptom group, emotional abuse had a positive predictive effect on PTSD, emotional neglect had a negative predictive effect on PTSD, and emotional abuse and sexual abuse had a positive predictive effect on depression. Study 2 also examined the mediating effects of self-compassion and shame on the relationship between different dimensions of abuse and neglect and PTSD and depression in different subgroups. The results showed that physical abuse positively predicted both positive and negative self-compassion in the entire sample and the low-symptom group. Emotional abuse positively predicted negative self-compassion in the entire sample and the high-symptom group, while negatively predicting positive self-compassion in the low-symptom group. Physical neglect and emotional neglect negatively predicted both positive and negative self-compassion in the entire sample, low-symptom group, and medium-symptom group. In the high-symptom group, only emotional neglect negatively predicted negative self-compassion. Sexual abuse did not significantly predict self-compassion. Positive self-compassion negatively predicted shame, while negative self-compassion positively predicted shame. Shame positively predicted PTSD and depression in the entire sample and the high-symptom group, and only positively predicted depression in the low-symptom group and medium-symptom group.

Study 3 found that after an 8-week Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) intervention, the intervention group's levels of PTSD, depression, negative self-compassion, and shame significantly decreased, while positive self-compassion levels significantly increased. Furthermore, this intervention effect remained stable for 3 months after the end of the MSC course. When the intervention group's participants were divided into low-, medium-, and high-symptom groups based on their pretest data and PTSD and depression were used as outcome variables, significant between-group effects and interactions with individual variables were found, indicating inconsistent trends of change over time among the three groups. Further analysis revealed that MSC could help college students who had experienced child abuse and neglect improve their PTSD and depression symptoms, especially in the medium- and high-symptom groups.

Through the above three studies, it can be seen that PTSD and depression coexist in a high-low coexistence mode, physical abuse has a relatively small impact on the psychological health of college students, emotional abuse has the greatest negative impact on the psychological health of college students, sexual abuse has a limited impact on the psychological health of college students, physical neglect and emotional neglect may have protective effects in certain situations, self-compassion can have a protective effect by influencing shame, and MSC can effectively reduce PTSD and depression in college students.