解放神学是兴起于上世纪六十年代的拉美基督教社会主义思潮。这种思潮是基督信仰和马克思主义社会分析方法、人民立场、实践导向的融合性建构，它建基于马克思主义依附理论、支持社会主义道路，甚至以批判的态度部分接受了历史唯物主义。古铁雷斯是解放神学思潮中最具影响力的思想家之一，在经典著作《解放神学》中提出了政治、历史、灵性三个层次的“整体解放”思想。古铁雷斯主张创造、解放与救赎统一的历史观，他认为上帝是穷人的上帝，将穷人从异化的压迫性社会结构中解放是《圣经》的启示，穷人的解放实践是一切神学理论的出发点。整体解放要求穷人确立主体性地位，通过革命实践摆脱对资本主义世界体系的依附，破除罪恶的社会异化，最终在人与人、人与上帝的共融中实现彻底的解放。正统马克思主义的宗教批判已经完成，宗教是被异化人民的幻想，作为阶级统治工具、阶级意识形态的宗教必将随着科学的进步和共产主义的实现而彻底消解。但是，外在的宗教形式和内在的宗教信仰不能完全等同，强调外部规范和制度性压抑的传统“基督宗教”的衰微，导致了“基督信仰”的解放和迫切的转型需求。当代神学家更加关注平信徒的灵性修养，解放神学更是直接以宗教信仰服务穷人的解放实践，人在神-人二元关系中占据了事实上的核心地位。解放神学启示我们，深刻影响了现代性文明的基督信仰和基督宗教仍然值得当代的马克思主义者重视，信仰对现代性危机的自发回应可以成为马克思主义者重要的理论资源，真正实现对“宗教”的扬弃，并指导解放的实践，在超越性维度给予我们有益的启示。

Liberation theology is a Latin American Christian socialist trend of thought that emerged in the 1960s. This trend of thought combines Christian faith and Marxist methods of social analysis, the people's position, and practical orientation. It is based on the Marxist dependency theory, supports the socialist path, and even partially accepts historical materialism in a critical attitude. Gutiérrez is one of the most influential philosophers of liberation theology. In his classic book “A Theology of Liberation”, he put forward his mean idea "Integral liberation" at three levels: political, historical and spiritual. Gutiérrez advocates a unified historical view of creation, liberation and redemption. He believes that God is the God of the poor, that the liberation of the poor from the alienated and oppressive social structure is the revelation of the Bible, and that the liberation practice of the poor should be the starting point of all theological theories. Integral liberation requires the poor to establish their subjectivity, get rid of their attachment to the capitalist system by revolution, confront the evil social alienation, and finally achieve complete liberation in the communion between men and men, men and God. Marxism has been completed its criticism of religion, religion is the illusion of alienated people, and religion as ideology and ruling tool will be completely dispelled with the progress of science and the realization of communism. However, external religious forms and internal religious beliefs cannot be completely equated, and the decline of traditional "Christian religion" which emphasizes external norms and institutional repression leads to the liberation of "Christian faith". Contemporary theologians pay more attention to the spiritual creation and need of laity, liberation theology even directly serves the poor’s liberation movement with religious belief. Mankind had occupied the core position in the duality between God and men. Liberation theology reveals that Marxism still need to recognize the importance of Christian faith and religion, which have profoundly influenced modern civilization. The spontaneous response of Christianity toward the crisis of modernity could be an important theoretical resource, which can help Marxism to transcend this crisis and guide the practice of liberation as a complement at the transcendental dimension.