本文研究近代汉语有标记条件句假设度系统。假设度，即假设程度，是条件句的核心语义特征之一，是理解自然语言条件句运作的重要角度。研究条件句假设度，具有重要理论意义。本文具体所要解决的核心问题有二：第一，条件句假设度高低，这一语义概念，能否以及如何进行准确测量？为此，本文提出了一套完整的、可操作的条件句假设度分析方法。第二，近代汉语有标条件句假设度系统有何特点？近代汉语中众多条件标记词是否存在假设度分工？为此，本文选用能够反映近代汉语真实面貌的典型语料，运用我们所提出的条件句假设度分析方法，对近代汉语唐五代、宋、元、明各个历史阶段有标条件句假设度系统，逐一进行了细致描写。在细致描写的基础之上，对近代汉语有标条件句假设度系统整体所呈现出的特点进行了总结，并对其中所蕴含的语言学规律进行了概括。

本文全文共12章，33万余字。除绪论、结语外，可分为三编。第一编，理论编，第2、3、4章，讨论与近代汉语有标条件句相关的基本理论问题，进而为彻底厘清本文的研究对象扫平障碍。

在汉语复句分类方面，我们着眼于小句的功能与信息地位，以复句中小句能否被提问以及能怎样被提问作为形式分类标准，将汉语复句重新分为以下五类：并列、比较、时间、因果、条件类。汉语复句分类新系统解释力强、更便于与国际语言学进行交流。

在条件句的核心特征、功能及其分类方面，我们主张条件句的核心特征“充分条件与后件非断言说”，即前后件之间构成充分条件关系，并且后件具有非断言性。传统认为条件句的基本功能是进行假设，进而认为条件句前件不能是事实，并不成立。实际上，条件句的核心功能是进行推理，其与前件的事实性并没有直接关系。条件句前件的作用只是为人的推理活动提供前提，这一前提既可以是事实，也可以是非事实。“如果”句、一部分“既然”句也都是条件句范畴的成员。根据前件是否对后件造成影响，条件句可以首先分为有效、无效条件两大类。有效条件句则根据是否强调前件的必要性，还可以再分为充分与必要条件两小类。

在识别近代汉语条件标记方面，我们制定了三条甄别标准，分别是：意义上可以作条件解读；标记词获得了连接功能或标记词摆脱了源初意义。根据这三条标准，可以将近代汉语中条件标记与疑似条件标记，区别开来。

第二编，方法编，第5、6章，总结并提出条件句假设度分析的一般方法。在充分掌握国内外相关研究成果的基础之上，我们提出了一套全新的、可操作的条件句假设度分析方法。这套新方法，具体包括两个方面：第一，根据条件句假设度高低，对条件句进行重新分类。假设度由低到高，条件句新分类依次是：事实条件<半事实条件（低假设度）<可能性大的条件（中等假设度）<可能性小的条件（较高假设度）<主观假定条件<反事实条件（高假设度）。上面每类条件句都有其区别于其他类的可操作的区别性特征，较好地做到了形式与意义的结合。第二，提出了一套观察假设度系统的新方法“总体控制、层层二分”，以条件句4类假设度的总体分布情况作为标准，用“层层二分”对各类条件标记的假设度高低进行准确排序。通过这一方法，实现了有标条件句假设度分析的精准量化。

第三编，描写与总结编。第7、8、9、10章，运用我们所提出的条件句假设度分析新方法，围绕专书，对近代汉语各个历史阶段有标条件句假设度系统，逐一进行了细致描写。第11章，在细致描写的基础上，通过比较，对近代汉语有标条件句假设度系统整体所呈现出的特点进行了总结。具体结论有：第一，近代汉语有标条件句假设度系统相对稳定。无论哪一个历史阶段，近代汉语始终是一种利用连接词来区分假设度的语言，其假设度系统始终是五分的，即：存在假设度中性的条件标记，也还存在着倾向标记低、中、较高、高假设度的条件标记。近代汉语条件标记词存在假设度高低分工。第二，近代汉语条件标记词假设度与其频率存在关联，具体关联是：假设度中性且在假设度排序中占据中间位置的标记词，其频率高于同类型有倾向性的标记词。这类标记词是条件标记中最无标记的成员，其在历史演变中也最稳定。第三，近代汉语条件标记词的词义来源，对其假设度高低存在制约作用。来源于表限定、已然、全称量化的标记词，其假设度低。来源于致使、设想、反常性短时的标记词，其假设度高。

本文总的结论是，近代汉语中条件标记词与其引导的条件句假设度高低之间存在一一对应的关系，近代汉语是一种利用连接词区分假设度的语言。我们所提出的条件句假设度分析方法，切实有效，能够比较好地对特定语言的假设度系统作出科学的描写。

This paper studies the hypotheticality degree system of marked conditionals in modern Chinese. The degree of hypotheticality is one of the core semantic features of conditionals and an important angle to understand the operation of conditionals. It is of great theoretical significance to study the hypotheticality degree of conditionals.There are two core problems to be solved in this paper: First, whether and how to accurately measure the semantic concept of the degree of hypothesis of conditionals? Therefore, this paper presents a complete and operable method for the hypotheticality analysis of conditionals. Second, what are the characteristics of the hypotheticality degree system of marked conditionals in early modern Chinese?Is there a division of hypotheticality between high and low in many conditional markers in early early modern Chinese?Therefore, this paper selects the corpus that can reflect the real face of early modern Chinese, and uses the hypotheticality degree analysis method of conditionals proposed by us to describe the hypotheticality degree system of marked conditionals in each historical stage of early modern Chinese, one by one. On the basis of detailed description, this paper summarizes the characteristics of the whole hypotheticality degree system of early modern Chinese conditionals, and generalizes the linguistic laws contained therein.

This paper consists of 12 chapters and more than 320 thousand words. Besides introduction and conclusion, it can be divided into three parts.Part I, Chapter 2, 3 and 4 discuss the basic theoretical issues related to early modern Chinese marked conditionals, and then clear the obstacles for the thorough clarification of the research object of this paper.

In terms of Chinese complex sentence classification, we focus on the function and information status of clauses, and take whether and how complex sentences can be questioned as the formal classification standard, and re-divide Chinese complex sentences into the following five categories:coordination, comparison, time, cause,and condition.The new Chinese complex sentence classification system has strong explanatory power and is more convenient for international linguistic communication.

In terms of the core features, functions and classification of conditionals, we advocate that the core features of conditionals are "sufficient condition and non-assertion theory", that is, the relationship of sufficient conditions between the protasis and the apodosis , and the apodosis has non-assertion. The traditional view that the basic function of the conditionals is to make assumptions, and then think that the protasis can not be a fact, is not valid.

In fact, the core function of the conditionals is to reason, and it has no direct relationship with the fact of the protasis. The function of the protasis is only to provide a premise for human reasoning, which can be either a fact or a non-fact. The Ruguo(如果)sentence and part of the Jiran(既然) sentence are also members of the conditionals. According to whether the protasis affects the apodosis, conditionals can be divided into two categories: valid and invalid conditions. Valid conditionals can also be divided into sufficient and necessary conditions according to whether they emphasize the necessity of the protasis

In the recognition of early modern Chinese conditional markers, we have formulated three Identification criteria, which are: the meaning can be interpreted as conditional;Markers acquire a connection function or markers get rid of the original meaning. According to these three criteria, we can distinguish the conditional mark from the suspected conditional mark in early modern Chinese.

Part II, Methods, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, summarize and put forward the general method of hypotheticality degree analysis of conditionals. On the basis of fully grasping the relevant research results at home and abroad, we put forward a new and operable hypotheticality analysis method. This new method includes two aspects: First, it reclassifies conditionals according to their degree of hypotheticality.From low to high, the new categories are: Factual conditionals

Part III, description and summary.Chapter 7, 8, 9 and 10, using the new method of hypotheticality analysis of conditionals proposed by us, describes the system of hypotheticality of marked conditionals in each historical stage of early modern Chinese in detail one by one. Chapter 11, on the basis of detailed description and comparison, summarizes the characteristics of the whole hypotheticality degree system of early modern Chinese conditionals.The specific conclusions are as follows: First, it is relatively stable. No matter what historical stage, early modern Chinese is always a language that uses connectives to distinguish the degree of hypotheticality, and its degree of hypotheticality system is always five-point, that is, there are conditional markers with neutral degree of hypotheticality, and there are also conditional markers with low, medium, high and high degree of hypotheticality.The conditional marks in early modern Chinese have the division of hypotheticality. Second, there is a correlation between the hypotheticality tendency of markers and their frequency. The specific correlation is that the frequency of marker words with neutral hypotheticality degree and occupying the middle position in the hypotheticality degree ranking is higher than that of markers with the same type of bias.This class of marakers is the most unmarked member of the conditional markers, and it is also the most stable in its historical evolution.Third, the source of the meaning of a marker has a restrictive effect on its hypotheticality.Markers derived from restrictive, already, Universal quantifier have a low degree of hypothesis. Marker derived from cause, assumption, or abnormal short time, which has a high degree of hypotheticality.

The general conclusion of this paper is that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the conditional markers and their guiding conditionals in early modern Chinese. early modern Chinese is a language that distinguishes the degree of hypotheticality by using connectives.The hypotheticality analysis method of conditionals proposed by us is effective and can give a scientific description of the hypotheticality system of a particular language.