近年来，来华留学教育事业蓬勃发展，特别是“一带一路”倡议的提出对来华留学教育的发展产生了巨大的影响，我国与“一带一路”国家的对外教育交流与合作日益密切，“一带一路”国家也由此逐渐成为来华留学主要生源国。作为身处来华留学教育体系顶端的留学博士生教育，肩负着为“一带一路”建设提供人才支撑和智力保障的使命。因此，“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生的数量和比例逐年增加，奖学金政策也日益向“一带一路”来华留学博士生倾斜。然而，“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育在快速发展的同时亦面临严峻的质量问题。鉴于兑现国际承诺和服务国家发展战略的需求，我国政府在招收“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生时出于政治目的的考虑有时会优先于学术性因素，由此导致录取门槛过低、生源质量良莠不齐等问题，再加之当前我国政府和高校尚未建立完善的来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系，“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量问题日益凸显。因此，如何在扩大“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生规模的同时保障教育质量，是我国政府和高校当前亟待解决的问题。

本研究主要采用个案研究方法和访谈调查法，以教育部直属高校、中国政府奖学金来华留学生主要接收院校之一的B大学为案例，于2018年10月至2020年1月在B大学开展实地调查，根据分层抽样和目的性抽样的方法选取21名“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生、5名留学生导师、2名任课教师以及留学生招生办公室负责人、留学生办公室负责人和院系负责留学博士生日常教务的行政人员各1名，进行深度的半结构化访谈。本研究以伯顿·克拉克的“三角协调模型”理论和约瑟夫·朱兰的质量三部曲理论为基础进行研究设计和数据解释，运用MAXQDA12.3.2质性分析软件对访谈资料进行录入、编码和分析。

通过对访谈资料的分析，本研究主要有以下发现：

第一，来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系经历了从政府完全管控到政府宏观调控、大学自主权增加以及市场机制发挥作用的发展历程。从新中国成立至今，伴随着政府、大学和市场作用和地位的变化，来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系先后经历了萌芽时期、初创时期、完善时期和“一带一路”倡议下的快速发展时期。

第二，政府在监控“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量中发挥主导作用。政府一般通过颁布法律法规、出台政策文件和规划纲要、财政拨款甚至直接参与留学生选拔与录取等方式实现对“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量的干预和控制。

第三，大学是控制“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量的主体，主要包括行政权威和学术权威。行政权威是指以校长为代表的行政管理人员，一般通过规划校级发展战略、参与招生和录取、明确培养目标和培养方案、制定考核与评估标准、建立奖学金资助与管理体系以及打造良好的学术环境与物质环境等方面控制“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量。以导师和任课教师为代表的学术权威是影响“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量的关键人物，通常以参与招生和录取、授课和学术指导的方式在“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系中发挥作用。

第四，质量是“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育在市场竞争机制中的核心。消费者市场和院校市场是市场力量中影响“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量的主要因素。消费者市场中一方面“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生是代表市场力量的消费者主体，通过个人缴纳学费的形式在择校过程中占据主动权；另一方面，政府转变职能为“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生提供奖学金和为高等院校拨款的方式，间接对消费者市场产生影响。在院校市场中一方面高校为了赢得声誉需要不断增强自身的教育质量；另一方面，市场竞争的盲目性和趋利性往往容易导致高等院校之间为争夺生源采取恶性竞争策略。

第五，政府、大学和市场在“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系中三者关系的不协调会带来消极影响。首先，招收和培养“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生有时政治目的会优先于学术性因素，政治性与学术性目标之间的冲突逐渐凸显。其次，政府对“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育的过度干预超越了市场竞争机制的一般规律。

第六，现阶段，“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系主要面临生源质量亟待提高、缺乏健全的招生与录取机制、趋同化管理制度难落实以及奖学金激励与吸引优质生源的功能有待完善等问题。

对于如何改进“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量监控体系，本研究提出了以下政策性建议：合理规划发展战略，兼顾“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育的政治性目标与学术性目标；健全招生与录取机制，保障“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生生源质量；完善培养机制，促进“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生学术社会化；建立向留学生导师和任课教师适当倾斜的考核评价机制，激发学术基层群体对“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生的关注度；改进管理机制，落实“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生趋同化管理；完善教育质量保障机制，监控“一带一路”国家来华留学博士生教育质量有序发展；发挥奖学金杠杆作用，撬动“一带一路”国家高层次国际人才资源。

Studying education enterprise vigorous development in China in recent years, especially "the Belt and Road" initiative for studying the development of education in China has a huge influence. Foreign educational exchanges and cooperation between China and "the Belt and Road" countries are increasingly close, and "the Belt and Road" countries has gradually become the main sources coming to study in China. At the top of the education system, the doctoral student education shoulders the mission of providing talent support and intellectual guarantee for the construction of "the Belt and Road". Therefore, the number and proportion of doctoral students studying in China from "the Belt and Road" countries are increasing year by year, and the scholarship policy is increasingly inclined to "the Belt and Road " doctoral students studying in China. However, "the Belt and Road" doctoral education in China is facing serious quality problems while developing rapidly. For international commitments and service requirements of the national development strategy, the Chinese government in recruiting "the Belt and Road" countries when coming to China to study doctoral politically motivated consider sometimes takes precedence over academic factors, expansion and the resulting admission threshold is too low, the good and bad are intermingled. Coupled with the current government and colleges and universities in our country has not yet established the students of the doctoral education quality monitoring system, "the Belt and Road" national study in doctoral education quality problems loom large in China. Therefore, how to expand the scale of "the Belt and Road" doctoral students and guarantee the quality of education is an urgent problem to be solved by the Chinese government and universities.

This research mainly adopted case study method and the interview survey method and chose “B” university as a case. From October 2018 to January 2020 at “B” university, this research carried out the field investigation, according to the stratified sampling and purposeful sampling method. This research chosed 21 international doctoral students of "the Belt and Road" countries, five superviors, two course teachers, one director of international student admissions office, one head of international student office and one administrative staff. In this study, Burton Clark's "triangle coordination model" theory and Joseph Juran's quality trilogy theory were used as the basis for research design and data interpretation, and MAXQDA12.3.2 qualitative analysis software was used to input, code and analyze interview data.

Through the analysis of the interview data, this study mainly finds the following findings:

First, the education quality control system for doctoral students in China has gone through a development process from government control to government macro-control, the increase of university autonomy and the role of market mechanism. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the changes in the role and status of the government, universities and the market, the quality control system for doctoral students in China has undergone a period of germination, start-up, improvement and rapid development under "the Belt and Road" initiative.

Second, the government plays a leading role in monitoring the quality of doctoral education of "the Belt and Road" countries. In general, the government intervenes and controls the quality of doctoral education in "the Belt and Road" countries by promulgating laws and regulations, issuing policy documents and planning outline, financial allocation and even directly participating in the selection and enrollment of foreign students.

Third, universities are the main body to control the quality of doctoral education in "the Belt and Road" countries, mainly including administrative authority and academic authority. Represented by the administrative authority refers to the principal of the administrative personnel, usually by planning field development strategy, participate in student recruitment and admissions, clear training objectives and training plan, making the inspection and evaluation standards, set up scholarship funding and management system, and create a good academic environment and physical environment control "the Belt and Road" countries coming to China to study in doctoral education quality. The academic authority represented by the tutor and the course teacher is the key to the quality of doctoral education in "the Belt and Road" countries. It usually plays a role in the quality control system of doctoral education in "the Belt and Road" countries by participating in the enrollment and admission, teaching and academic guidance.

Fourth, quality is the core of "the Belt and Road" doctoral education in China in the market competition mechanism. The consumer market and the institutional market are the main factors affecting the quality of doctoral education in "the Belt and Road" countries. In the consumer market, on the one hand, "the Belt and Road" national doctoral students in China are the consumer subject representing the market force, and they take the initiative in the process of school selection by paying tuition individually. On the other hand, the government's transformation of its functions to provide scholarships for "the Belt and Road" doctoral students studying in China and to allocate funds for higher education institutions has had an indirect impact on the consumer market. In the college market, On the one hand, colleges and universities need to continuously enhance their education quality in order to win reputation. On the other hand, the blindness and profit tendency of market competition often lead to the vicious competition strategy among colleges and universities for students.

Fifth, the disharmony among government, university and market in the quality control system of "the Belt and Road" will bring negative influence. On the one hand, the recruitment and training of "the Belt and Road" doctoral students in China sometimes gives priority to political objectives over academic factors, and the conflict between political and academic objectives gradually becomes prominent. On the other hand, the government's excessive intervention in the doctoral education of "the Belt and Road" countries goes beyond the general rule of market competition mechanism.

Sixth, the " the Belt and Road" national education quality monitoring system for overseas doctoral students in China is mainly faced with such problems as the urgent need to improve the quality of students, the lack of a sound recruitment and admission mechanism, the difficulty in implementing the assimilation management system, and the need to improve the function of scholarship incentive and attracting high-quality students.

As for how to improve the quality control system of "the Belt and Road" doctoral students' education in China, this study puts forward the following policy Suggestions: reasonably plan the development strategy, and take into account the political and academic objectives of "the Belt and Road" doctoral students' education in China; We will improve the enrollment and admission mechanism to ensure the quality of doctoral students from "the Belt and Road" countries; To improve the training mechanism and promote the academic socialization of doctoral students from "the Belt and Road" countries; Establish an assessment and evaluation mechanism that is appropriate to foreign student tutors and teachers, and stimulate the interest of academic communities in "the Belt and Road" doctoral students studying in China; Improve the management mechanism, implement the "the Belt and Road" countries to study in China doctoral assimilation management; We will improve the education quality assurance mechanism and monitor the orderly development of the education quality of "the Belt and Road" doctoral students in China. Play the role of scholarship leverage, leverage the "the Belt and Road" national high-level international talent resources.