摘 要 清末新政时期，现代警察制度作为一项重要的内容从西方引入我国，伴随警政建设的发展，现代警察群体逐渐出现于社会中。南京国民政府开始统治以前，北京一直是国家的首都，其安危关系重大，警政建设也以全国的模范较早发展起来。南京国民政府统治开始后，北京的社会地位发生了由首都到特别市的变化，但其重要性仍不可忽视，警政建设在原有基础上波动前进。警察群体是北京警政建设的重要组成部分，经过三十几年的发展，无论其整体规模，还是具体构成来源、种类、素质均发生了不小的变动。 在职能上，北京警察群体自诞生后，就肩负起了重要的职责，比如社会治安、交通、消防、卫生等等均归其管理。为保障警察工作的顺利开展，一系列的警察法规相继出台，这促进了我国警政法制化的发展。北京警察多样化的职责使其在城市社会中扮演的角色也是多重的，对城市近代风俗文化、民众思想、城市现代化管理等等均产生了重要影响，也与城市社会舆论、社会革命的发展有着重要联系。北京警察的出现及不断发展，直接推动了整个城市社会文明程度的提高，成为北京城市近代化的重要表征，这也奠定了其在城市社会中不可替代的社会地位。在实际的职能运行中，北京警察与国家政府之间有着密切的关系，一方面，在根本的政治利益上两者有着统一性，另一方面，双方之间又有着被管理者与管理者的关系，而且，一定意义上北京警察还充当了清末以来国家权力下移的助力。北京警察在执勤过程中，时时刻刻都在与民众接触，因此，警察与民众之间也结成了密不可分的联系，他们有合作相处的一面，也有警察对民众施行管理与约束的关系。现代北京警察的服务意识有了一定提高，他们在为国家服务，执行国家法律，维护社会秩序的同时，也为保护民众合法利益服务。此外，北京警察在执行保卫任务的过程中，还经常与军队宪兵发生接触，警察与军队宪兵之间也缔结了一定的联系，他们一方面会合作、共保治安，一方面也会因利益之争不断发生矛盾冲突。 在生活层面上，北京警察群体收入的状况决定了其物质生活的水准，因普通警察与警察官吏间的等级差别使得其生活的层次也有着较为明显的区别。警察职业的风险性给从业人员带来了较为沉重的精神压力，而待遇的低下使得一般警察的生活较为艰难，业余生活更是单调，这一切影响到警察人员身心健康的发展。社会经济文化的时代背景是这种状况出现的根源。北京警察的生活水准也展示了他们在社会地位上的另一面形象。 北京警察群体自清末到抗战爆发前这三十几年的发展历程，可以说是整个中国警察近代发展史的一个缩影。从北京警察群体的发展概貌，我们可以隐约看到全国警察群体的一斑形象，也由此可以想见另一层面的中国城市社会的历史演变风貌。

Abstract During the period of the late Qing Dynasty’s New Politics’ constructing, the modern police system as an important content was introduced to our country from the West Society. With the development of the police politics construction, the modern police colony appeared in the society. Beijing was all along the capital before the Nanjing National Government began its rule, its safety and danger counted for much, so its police politics construction also developed earlier as the whole country’s model. The Nanjing Government began its ruling, Beijing’s condition changed from the capital to the special city, but Beijing’s importance still couldn’t be neglected, the police politics construction waving went forward at the inhere base. The police colony was an important part of the Beijing police politics construction, after about thirty years’ development, whether the whole scale, or its concrete structure sources, kinds, and making all had great changes.In active service, Beijing police colony took on significant function from the beginning, such as the social public security, traffic, fire protection, sanitation, etc. were all managed by them. In order to ensure the police colony worked all right, a series of police laws came on one after the other, these promoted our country’s police politics legal system’s progress. Multiplicate function made Beijing police act multiple roles in the city society, and their work brought significant influence on the city modern custom culture, the masses’ thoughts, city modern administration etc., and also had important contact with the city social public opinions, social revolution’s development. Beijing police’s appearance and their development straight advanced the whole city civilization degree, they became the important token of Beijing city modernization, and these established their indispensable condition in the city society. In the course of actual function running, Beijing police had a consanguineous touch with the government, on the one hand, they had consistency on the essential political interests, on the other hand, they had a relation between an under –ruler and ruler, moreover, Beijing police also helped to take the government’s power down to the grass roots on certain sense from the late Qing Dynasty. When the police worked, they faced the masses all the moment, so they had a close contact with the masses, one side, they had a cooperative and uniform relation, the police supervised and restricted the masses on the other hand. The modern Beijing police’s serving consciousness had enhanced to a certainty, they served the country, carried out the national laws, stuck up for the social system, at the same time, they also served the community and helped them protect their legal rights. Furthermore, during safeguarding the city, Beijing police often met the soldiers and the military policemen, they also made certain connection, they worked together and safeguarded the public security on one side, conflict occurred continually between them on account of fighting for interests on the other hand.In the living aspect, Beijing police colony’s income decided their physical standard of living, the difference of rank between the normal police and the police official made quite obvious differentiation exist in their actual life arrangements. The risk of the police vocation brought quite heavy spirit pressure on the policemen, but the low income made the normal police live rather hard, they lived monotonously off hours, all these influenced on their body and mind’s health. The social and economic and cultural era background decided the conditions. The standard of living of Beijing’s police colony also showed their visualization on the society from other angle.The Beijing police colony’s developing course in the more thirty years from the late Qing Dynasty to the front of the Anti-Japanese War’s breaking out, could be said as a reduction of the whole China’s police’s modern history. From the general picture of the Beijing police colony, we could see the whole country’s police visualization faintly, and we also could view the China city society’s evolvement history from other facet.