毛细管X光透镜经过几十年的发展，由于制造工艺趋于成熟，所以单一透镜的性能到达瓶颈。随着X射线应用领域的不断扩展，现有的单一透镜难以满足X射线应用领域对于高质量和多元化X射线束的需求，特别是在基于实验室光源的X射线应用领域，此问题更为突出。与同步辐射光源相比，实验室光源虽然易得且应用广泛，但由于实验室光源功率较低，所以缺乏种类丰富的高性能X射线调控元件可供选择使用。

为了突破单一毛细管X光透镜的性能瓶颈，拓展其应用领域，针对实验室光源，本文提出采用毛细管X光组合透镜的方法进行X射线光束调控。论文研究内容主要围绕两方面展开。第一，采用毛细管X光组合透镜获取更小的微焦斑；第二，利用多毛细管X光透镜和平面晶体构建一种灵活多变、光源利用率高、适用范围广的单色聚焦X射线组合透镜系统。

为了得到更小的会聚焦斑，本论文提出了三种毛细管X光组合透镜设计方案，其中两种是基于单毛细管X光透镜，另一种是基于多毛细管X光会聚透镜和单毛细管X光透镜。（1）理论设计模拟了两类基于单毛细管X光透镜的组合透镜:一类是由椭球形单毛细管X光透镜和锥形单毛细管X光透镜构成，另一类是由两个抛物线形单毛细管X光透镜构成。基于光线追迹设计编写了上述两类毛细管X光组合透镜的光学传输模拟程序，模拟研究了相关参数对于组合透镜X射线传输性能的影响。(2)设计并拉制了一种基于多毛细管X光会聚透镜和锥形单毛细管X光透镜的组合透镜。为了解决该组合透镜光路聚焦调节费时费力的难题，根据毛细管X光透镜结构特点设计加工了一套夹持固定工件，并建立了一种快速调节光路的方法。利用该组合透镜对实验室Mo靶光源进行X射线聚焦时，在距组合透镜出口端1.6 mm处，可获得9.3 μm的微焦斑(@17.4 keV) 。

为了获得基于实验室光源的高品质单色聚焦束，本文设计了一种基于“组合透镜单元”的单色聚焦组合透镜。其中，每个“组合透镜单元”由两个多毛细管X光平行束透镜和一个平面晶体共三个光学部件构成：两个毛细管X光透镜分别负责光束的准直和聚焦，平面晶体负责光束单色。每个“组合透镜单元”具有前（入口端）、后（出口端）两个焦点，并且上述三个光学部件并不在两焦点所形成的直线上。单色聚焦组合透镜可以由多个处于共聚焦状态的“组合透镜单元”构成，单色聚焦透镜的后（出口端）焦点是由这些“组合透镜单元”的后焦点共聚焦重叠而成。因此，单色聚焦组合透镜对光源的利用率与其出口端焦点处的光强可以通过增加“组合透镜单元”的数量而分别得到提高和增强。

本文在研制单色聚焦组合透镜过程中，设计编写了多毛细管X光透镜模拟程序，用于透镜参数优化，并研究对比了具有不同镶嵌度的平面晶体对于单色聚焦系统整体性能的影响，筛选出了与多毛细管X光平行束透镜耦合度最佳的平面晶体。在此基础上，设计并制作了基于两个“组合透镜单元”的单色聚焦组合透镜。利用该单色聚焦组合透镜对实验室Cu靶光源进行单色会聚时，可获得焦斑尺寸为262.3 μm×226.4 μm 的单色焦斑（@8.04 keV）；当工作电压和电流分别为20 kV和20 mA时，焦斑处光强为2.75×10⁶ cps。

综上所述，为了突破了单一毛细管X光透镜性能瓶颈，本文设计了具有不同性能的毛细管X光组合透镜，拓宽了毛细管X光透镜的应用领域，丰富了实验室X射线光源调控方式。

With the development in the past few decades, the technology of making the capillary X-ray lens (CXRL) matures, and the performances of a single CXRL accordingly reach a bottleneck. With the increasing applications of X-rays, a single CXRL available has difficulties in meeting the requirement of the X-ray beams with a high quality in various fields, particularly in the applications based on a laboratory source. Although laboratory X-ray source are more available and widely used than synchrotron radiation, there is a lack of enough X-ray optics with a high quality used for a laboratory source due to its relatively low power.

In order to overcome the performance bottleneck of a single CXRL and to broaden its application, this dissertation proposes the use of the capillary X-ray compound lens (CXRCL) to focus X-rays from laboratory sources. This dissertation focuses on the following two aspects. Firstly, use of CXRCL to obtain a smaller focal spot. Secondly, use of polycapillary X-ray lens (PCXRL) and planar crystals to construct a monochromatic focusing X-ray compound lens (MFXRCL) with a flexible design, high source utilization and wide application.

In order to obtain a smaller focal spot, this dissertation proposes three types of CXRCL, including two types of CXRCL based on monocapillary X-ray lens (MCXRL) and one type of CXRCL based on a PCXRL and MCXRL. In the two types of CXRCL based on the MCXRL, one was based on an ellipsoidal MCXRL and a conical MCXRL, and another was based on two parabolic MCXRLs. A program for simulating the performances of these two types of CXRCL was designed based on ray-tracing method, and the effect of the relevant parameters on the performances of these two types of CXRCL was studied with this program. For the type of CXRCL based on a PCXRL and MCXRL, one CXRCL was designed and drawn. Besides, in order to solve the problem of time-consuming and laborious adjustment of the optical path of this CXRCL, a set of clamping and fixing workpieces was designed according to the structural characteristics of the CXRL, and a method for rapid adjustment of the optical path was established. When this CXRCL based on a PCXRL and MCXRL was used to focus the X-rays from a laboratory Mo target, a focal spot with a size of 9.3 μm (@17.4 keV) was obtained at 1.6 mm from the exit of the CXRCL.

In order to obtain a monochromatic focused beam with a high quality from a laboratory source, a MFXRCL based on a "combined lens unit (CLU)" is proposed. Each CLU was composed of three optical elements with two polycapillary X-ray parallel lenses and a planar crystal. These two polycapillary X-ray parallel lenses were used to collimate and focus the X-ray beam, respectively. The planar crystal was used as a monochromator. Each CLU has two focal points which are at the side of entrance and exit of the CLU, respectively. The three optical elements composing of the CLU do not lie in a straight line formed by the two focal points of the CLU. A MFXRCL may consist of several CLUs which are all in a confocal state, where the focal point at the side of the exit of each CLU are overlapped, and accordingly formed the point of the MFXRCL. The utilization of the X-ray source by the MFXRCL can be improved by increasing the number of the CLU, and the intensity at the focal point of the MFXRCL is accordingly increased.

In order to design the MFXRCL, a program for simulating the PCXRL was designed to optimize PCXRL’s parameters. Besides, the effect of planar crystals with different mosaics on the performance of the MFXRCL was investigated, and the planar crystals with a best coupling to the polycapillary X-ray parallel lens were selected. On this basis, a MFXRCL based on two CLUs was designed and manufactured. When this MFXRCL was used both to monochromatize and focus the X-rays from a laboratory Cu target, a monochromatic focal spot with a size of 262.3 μm×226.4 μm (@8.04 keV) and a intensity of 2.75×10⁶ cps at this focal spot were obtained, when the operating voltage and current were 20 kV and 20 mA, respectively.

In summary, in order to break the performance bottleneck of a single CXRL, CXRCLs with different performances was designed. This expanded the application range of the CXRL, and enriched the X-ray focusing optics for laboratory sources.