当前，中国乡村社会治理面临诸多挑战，在耗散结构的乡村社会系统中，农民具有高度自由的空间流动性，农村传统的社会共同体逐渐瓦解，传统的家族家庭结构和功能正在消失，传统的公序良俗逐渐丧失约束力，集体经济基础整合力不复存在，农村精英和人口大量流失。在这样的背景下，如何有效地运用现代化的治理方式把农民重新组织起来、动员起来、规范起来？不同的地方探索了不同的现代化治理路径。在各种现代化治理路径中，中国乡村社会治理现代化的起源方式总体上分为两种，即村官和村民主导发展起来的“内源型现代化”和乡镇党政主导发展起来的“外源型现代化”两种。村官和村民主导的“内源型现代化”又包括村官村民良性互动发展起来的群众主体的“内源型现代化”和村民被村霸控制发展起来的“村霸控村”的“失控内源型现代化”两种类型。也有的地方，乡镇生态位、村官生态位、村民生态位三类核心主体都未起主导作用的“未现代化”类型。本研究主要对群众主体的“内源型现代化”、乡镇主导的“外源型现代化”和“村霸控村”的“失控型现代化”三种类型进行考察，以期望发现在乡镇生态位、村官生态位、村民生态位不同主体主导的现代化过程中，中国乡村社会治理的共治结构各具有怎样特征？如何涌现的？如何优化？基于复杂适应系统(CAS)理论双层模型，构建中国乡村社会治理现代化中的共治结构双层模型分析框架，探究在不同起源方式的中国乡村社会治理现代化过程中，如何通过底层主体间资源流动和上层主体适应和演化的耦合涌现出不同的共治结构。选取三个典型案例对应三种共治结构进行实证分析。在每一个案例中，运用观察法、访谈法、文献法等方式收集实证数据。三个案例总共深度访谈了86人，包括8位县级干部、13位乡镇干部、10位村干部、45位村民、8位村内经济组织负责人、3位职业律师。

经过对三个案例比较分析，得出以下结论：金字塔型、倒金字塔型、橄榄型三种共治结构都各有特点和优缺点，应该走向一种均衡结构“一网多点”葡萄型结构。（一）从金字塔型共治结构看，中国乡村社会治理现代化要注意：适应环境：通过压力传导和环境适应激发主体内驱动力；激发村官：通过有效奖惩和“二网合一”激发村官服务意愿；激发村民：通过有效奖惩和志愿组织激发村民参与；激活制度：通过维持秩序和激发活力激活制度功能；畅通信息：通过数字技术和智能平台保障信息畅通。（二）从倒金字塔型共治结构看，中国乡村社会治理现代化应该注意：发展经济：通过县乡经济可持续发展保障机制活力；激发村官：通过村干部考评奖惩可视化激发村干部活力；激发村民：通过村民考评奖惩可视化激发村民活力；系统集成：通过多种机制系统集成增加机制活力；畅通信息：通过保障信息流对称优化供求匹配。（三）从橄榄型共治结构看，中国乡村社会治理现代化应该注意：加强外控：消除滋生“村霸控村”的外部原因；赋能村民：消除滋生“村霸控村”的内部原因；打破联盟：消除滋生“村霸控村”的动力机制；激励监督：消除滋生“村霸控村”的外部机制；畅通信息：消除滋生“村霸控村”的保护机制。

但是，中国乡村社会治理现代化的理想化共治结构是葡萄型结构，即“一网多点”的党领型自适应共治结构。在“一网多点”葡萄型乡村社会治理共治结构中，需要“走向均衡”，即一体化领导网络，多元化自治结点。推动葡萄型共治结构现代化转向的策略包括：（一）葡萄型共治结构主体角色功能和内部模型演化策略。乡镇干部生态位的角色功能和内部模型演化策略：厘清乡-村之间关系界限，依法依规规范乡-村权力，构建一网多点畅通网络；村干部生态位的角色功能和内部模型演化策略：通过增加职位吸引力和选拔民主性提升对精英的吸纳力，通过发展良性精英和控制恶性精英防止村霸控村，让良能者上庸恶者下保障组织生命力和治理能力，通过奖惩机制引导规范村干部行动提升队伍治理能力；村民生态位的角色功能和内部模型演化策略：通过奖惩机制激活村民适应性学习内驱力，通过发展比较优势释放村民资源禀赋潜能，通过理性赋能增加村民自觉自律自治能力。（二）葡萄型共治结构适应演化的涌现机制现代化实现策略。面向现代化转向的资源流调控：通过资源流调控赋能乡村人，保障乡村与环境适应性契合，修复乡村家庭共同体功能；面向现代化转向的积木块重组：用德治法治保障乡村秩序和活力，用合法奖惩机制激活村规民约，用外部奖赏机制激活制度自动纠错能力，用激励机制激活村民村干部动力；面向现代化转向的信息流调控：通过网格管理激活预警信息流，通过数字技术激活决策信息流，通过智能平台激活执行信息流。

China's rural social governance is facing many challenges. In the dissipative structure of rural social system, the peasants are highly motive in space. The traditional social community of gradually are disintegrating. The traditional structure and function of the traditional family are disappearing. The traditional rule and bond are gradually losing force. The integration function of collective no longer exists. The elite and the population are moving out.In this context, how to effectively reorganize and mobilize the peasants and shape their behavior to social norm? Different places have explored different modernization governance paths. Among the various modernization governance paths, the origin of China's rural social governance modernization is generally divided into two ways: the "endogenous modernization" led by village officials and villagers and the "exogenous modernization" led by township party and government. The "endogenous modernization" led by village officials and villagers includes the "endogenous modernization" of the mass subject developed by the benign interaction between village officials and villagers and the "runaway endogenous modernization" of "village dominated village" controlled by village tyrants. In some places, the three core subjects of villages and towns, village officials and villagers do not play a leading role. This study mainly investigates three types of "endogenous modernization" of the masses, the "exogenous modernization" dominated by villages and towns, and the "runaway modernization" dominated by villages. The main question of this study is what are the characteristics of co-governance structure in the modernization of rural social governance in China with different original paths? How did these characteristics emerge? How to optimize the structures in the future?

Based on the Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory, This paper constructed a two-layer model analysis framework of co-governance structure in the modernization of rural social governance in China, and explored how different co-governance structures emerge through the coupling of resource flow between the bottom subjects and adaptation and evolution of the top subjects in the modernization of rural social governance in China with different original paths. Three typical cases were analyzed, each of which represented a typical structure. A total of 86 people were deeply interviewed, including 8 county-level cadres, 13 township cadres, 10 village cadres, 45 villagers, 8 heads of village economic organizations and 3 professional lawyers.Through the comparative analysis of the three cases, the following conclusions are drawn: The three co-governance structures of pyramid, inverted pyramid and olive have their own characteristics with advantages and disadvantages, and should move towards a more balanced structure-the grape structure.

1.For the pyramid-type co-governance structure, the modernization of rural social governance in China should pay attention to the following aspects: (1) Adaptation to the environment: to stimulate internal driving forces through pressure transmission and environmental adaptation; (2) Motivation of village officials: to motivate the devotion of village officials through effective rewards and punishments and the integration of two networks; (3) Motivation of the villagers: to motivate the villagers' participation through effective rewards and punishments and voluntary organizations; (4) Activation of institutions: to activate institutional functions by maintaining order and stimulating vitality; (5) Maintenance of information flow: to ensure flow of information through digital technology and intelligent platform.

2. For the inverted pyramid co-governance structure, the modernization of China's rural social governance should pay attention to the following aspects: (1) Economic Development: ensure the vitality of the mechanism through the sustainable development of county and township economy;(2) Stimulation of the village officials: to stimulate the vitality of village officials through the visualization of the evaluation, rewards and punishments; (3) Stimulation of the villagers: to stimulate the villagers' vitality through visualization of rewards and punishments in villagers' evaluation; (4) System integration: to enhance mechanism vitality through system integration of multiple mechanisms; (5) Maintenance of information flow: to optimize supply and demand matching by ensuring information flow symmetry.

3. For the olive co-governance structure, the modernization of Chinese rural social governance should pay attention to the following aspects: (1) Strengthening external control: to eliminate the external causes of village tyrants’ control over the villages; (2) Empowerment of the villagers: to eliminate the internal causes of village tyrants’ control over the villages; (3) Breaking the alliances: to eliminate the dynamic mechanism that breeds village tyrants’ control over the villages; (4) Incentive of supervision: to eliminate the external mechanism that breeds village tyrants’ control over the villages; (5) Maintenance of information flow: to eliminate the protection mechanism that breeds village tyrants’ control over the villages.

The self-governed grape structure- one party-led network with multiple nodes, is a more ideal co-governance structure of the modernization of rural social governance in China. For this structure, it is necessary to move towards equilibrium, that is, the integrated leadership network with diversified autonomous nodes.To achieve the self-governed grape structure, the following strategies are proposed: (1) the modernization of county and township government function: to clarify the relationship between township and village; to restrict the power of county-township-village in accordance with the law and the rules; to build a more open network. (2) The strategy of realizing the role and function attribute of village officers: To increase the attraction of position and the democracy of selection for the village elites; to prevent village bullies from controlling villages by developing benign elites and controlling malignant elites; to promote the excellent and eliminate the unqualified; to guide the village officers to serve the society with rewards and punishments. (3) The strategy of realizing the villagers' roles and functional attributes: to activate villagers' adaptive learning mechanism through legal reward and punishment mechanism; to release villagers' potential through developing comparative advantage; to increase villagers' self-governance participation ability through rational empowerment.

To achieve modernization of CAS mechanism function attribute of the grape structure, the following strategies are proposed: (1) resource flow regulation for modernization: to empower rural people through resource flow regulation, ensure the adaptability of rural and environmental fit, and restore the function of rural family community; (2) Block reorganization for modernization. Ensure the order and vitality of rural areas through the virtue and law. Activate village rules and conventions by legal reward and punishment mechanisms. Activate the automatic error correction capacity of the system by external reward mechanisms. (3) Information flow regulation for modernization: to activate early warning information feedback through grid management, activate decision information feedback through digital technology and activate execution information feedback through intelligent platform.