灾害测绘是防灾减灾中重要的科技支撑手段。激光扫描（LiDAR）技术是测绘领域前沿科技之一，在灾害测量方面具有广阔应用前景。为进一步深入和拓展LiDAR技术服务于防灾减灾，作者分别在三个方面研究探讨了相关的理论、方法和技术：1）地形LiDAR精密灾害测量。以具体的试验和数据分析为基础，从点云精度、点云滤波、表面建模、差异探测四个方面详细分析研究了地形LiDAR应用于精密灾害测量的方法与技术，探讨了点云密度、精度、可靠性之间的关系，给出了可行的算法与实现方案，并通过试验进行了验证。2）基于车载LiDAR数据的建筑物灾情应急测量。从重大自然灾害应急需求和车载LiDAR技术对灾害环境信息获取的优势出发，详细分析探讨了车载LiDAR技术应用于建筑物灾情应急测量的可行性；分别从建筑物立面分割、建筑物特征信息提取、建筑物灾情测量三个方面进行了理论分析和初步技术实现，指出了后续研究方向及技术方案。通过模拟试验的方法，对所提出的技术方法进行了初步验证。3）地下移动LiDAR灾害测量。论述了采用移动LiDAR技术服务于地下空间灾害测量的必要性和可行性，在硬件平台、合作标靶、软件系统三个方面对地下移动LiDAR灾害测量系统的实现进行了详细探讨，给出了可行的实现方案。完成了地下移动测量系统的集成，并在某地铁隧道中进行了试验验证。

Surveying and mapping of disasters is an important technical support means in disaster prevention and mitigation. Laser scanning technology is one of the frontier technologies in surveying and mapping field, and also has wide applying prospect in disaster surveying aspect. In order to have a further study and expand the technology serve disaster prevention and mitigation, the author researched related theory, methods and techniques respectively as the following three aspects: 1) Terrestrial LiDAR precision disaster surveying. Based on tests and data analysis, the author had detailed research on terrestrial LiDAR apply to precision disaster surveying from four aspects, including point cloud accuracy, point cloud filtering, surface modeling and difference detection. Also discussed the relationship among point cloud density, accuracy and reliability, point out viable algorithm and realization strategy, and it was verified by experiment.2) Emergency measuring damage condition of buildings based on vehicle-borne LiDAR data. From aspects of emergency requirement of serious natural disaster and advantage of hazard environment information acquisition using vehicle-borne LiDAR technology, the author detailed analysed and discussed the feasibility of vehicle-borne LiDAR apply to emergency surveying for damage condition of buildings. Respectively from three aspects, including segmentation of building facades, extraction building facades’ characteristic element and buildings’ damage measuring, had a theoretical analysis and preliminary technique realization, and point out subsequent research direction and technical proposal. Through the simulation test method, the proposed method has carried on the preliminary validation.3) Underground mobile LiDAR disaster surveying. Exposited the necessity and feasibility using mobile LiDAR technology serve underground space disaster surveying. Respectively from three aspects, including hardware platform, cooperate target and software system, detailed discussed the implement of underground mobile LiDAR disaster surveying system，and give out feasible proposal. Completed the underground mobile measurement system integration, and carried out a verification test in a subway tunnel.