语素存亡是指语素的传承与消亡，能在现代汉语中存留下来的语素为传承语素，反之则为消亡语素。在语素研究中，大多关注传承语素，对消亡语素及消亡词义关注较少。

动物类语素，即记录动物的名称、动作和性状的语素。本文选取《说文解字》作为“动物类语素”研究材料的来源，因为《说文》是中国文献语言学的奠基之作，其收字代表了周秦时期的书面语字词系统，也基本代表了汉语文言字词系统。此外，《说文》部首也为我们从物类视角观察语素存亡提供了便利。

本文选择物类视角，因为物类是对事物类别的归纳和划分，语言中的物类划分具有较强的经验性，和民族的集体经验密切相关，物类视角更能够体现生活经验、社会观念、民族文化与语言发展之间的互动。

论文分别对动物类“传承语素”和“消亡语素”进行研究。在“传承语素”研究中，描写各物类传承语素的语义分布情况，从句法、词法和语义层面分别分析语素的自由度、构词能力和意义系统，比较活跃度的物类差异，考察语素传承的物类特征；在“消亡语素”研究中，描写各物类消亡语素的类型分布情况，分析不同类型语素的消亡模式，比较消亡类型的物类差异，考察语素消亡的物类特征。

在以上分析基础上，本文从动物物类、概念层级和概念命名等角度，讨论动物类语素存亡的动因。从动物物类出发，分析不同物类语素传承和消亡的特征，探究集体经验中不同物类动物的功能变化对语素存亡的影响；从概念层级出发，分析不同层级语素传承和消亡的特征，探究认知领域的层级与范畴对语素存亡的影响；从概念命名出发，分析不同物类动物的命名差异，探究上古汉语和现代汉语的不同命名方式对语素存亡的影响。

基于以上研究，本文得出如下结论：第一，物类影响语素的存亡。语素在同一物类中的传承和消亡特征相似，在不同物类之间存在明显差异，原因主要是民族集体生活的发展变化对动物功能的影响。第二，物类与语义类别相互作用，共同体现于语素存亡。在名称类和性状类语素中，家畜类和禽虫类、野兽类的存亡差异主要是类别差异；而禽虫类和野兽类的类别相似，主要是数量差异；在动作类语素中，家畜类、禽虫类的类别表现相似，但与野兽类的类别差异较大。第三，概念的层级和命名影响语素存亡。处于基本层级和较高层级的语素倾向于传承，处于较低层级的语素倾向于消亡；符合现代汉语命名习惯的语素倾向于传承，基于上古汉语命名方式的语素倾向于消亡。语素的传承和消亡受到语言系统内部调整的影响，根本原因是社会生产力的发展。

The survival of morphemes refers to the inheritance and extinction of morphemes. The morphemes that can survive in modern Chinese are inherited morphemes, and the other morphemes are extinct morphemes. In the study of morphemes, most of them pay attention to inherited morphemes, but pay less attention to extinct morphemes and extinct meanings. Animal morphemes refer to morphemes whose meanings are related to animals, mainly recording the names, actions and traits of animals.

This paper chooses Shuowen JieZi as the source of animal morpheme research material, because Shuowen is the founding work of Chinese documentary linguistics, and its collected characters represent the written word system of Zhou and Qin dynasties, and also basically represent the Chinese classical word system. In addition, the radical of Shuowen also provides convenience for us to observe the extinction of morphemes from the perspective of species.

This paper chooses the perspective of material category, because material category is the induction and division of the categories of things. The classification of material category in language has strong experience and is closely related to the collective experience of nations. The perspective of material category can better reflect the interaction between life experience, social concepts, national culture and language development. In this paper, the "inherited morphemes" and "extinct morphemes" of animal species are studied respectively. In the study of "inherited morphemes", the paper describes the semantic distribution of the morphemes of different kinds of morphemes, compares the differences in the activity of the morphemes of different kinds of morphemes, analyzes the freedom of morphemes, word formation ability and meaning system, and examines the material characteristics of the morphemes of inheritance. In the study of "extincted morphemes", the paper describes the distribution of morphemes and types of extincted morphemes, analyzes the patterns of extincted morphemes of different types, and studies the characteristics of morphemes.

On the basis of the above analysis, this paper discusses the causes of the survival of animal morphemes from the perspectives of animal species, concept hierarchy and concept naming. Starting from animal species, this paper analyzes the similarities and differences of morpheme inheritance and extinction of different animal species, and explores the influence of functional changes of different animal species on the survival of morpheme in collective experience. Starting from the conceptual level, this paper analyzes the characteristics of morpheme inheritance and extinction at different levels, and explores how the level and category of cognitive domain affect the survival and extinction of morphemes. Starting from the concept of naming, this paper examines the differences in the naming of different animals and explores how the different naming methods of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese affect the survival and death of morphemes.

Based on the above research, this paper draws the following conclusions: First, species affect the survival of morphemes. Animal morphemes are related to the functions of animals. In the development of national collective life, the functional changes of animal morphemes are similar to that of animal, corresponding to the morphemes of the same animal group show similar inheritances and extinctions. However, the functional changes of different species are quite different, and morphemes show different characteristics of inheritance and extinction among species. Second, the interaction between material class and semantic class is reflected in the survival of morphemes. Among the morphemes of name and character, the difference of survival and death of domestic animal, avian insect and beast is mainly the difference of category, while the similarity of category between avian insect and beast is mainly the difference of quantity. Among the action morphemes, the categories of livestock, birds and insects are similar, but different from the categories of beasts. Third, the hierarchy and naming of concepts affect the survival of morphemes. The morphemes at the basic level and higher level tend to be inherited, while the morphemes at the lower level tend to die out. Morphemes based on ancient Chinese naming methods tend to die out, while morphemes that conform to modern Chinese naming habits tend to be inherited. The inheritance and extinction of morphemes are affected by the internal adjustment of language system, and the fundamental reason is the development of social productive forces.