随着国内马克思主义相关研究的发展，国内学者积极研究国外马克思主义理论，以此来为国内的相关研究提供新思路与新材料。但在目前，国内学者对于拉美地区的相关理论研究较少。关于拉美的相关研究可以说是乏善可陈。另一方面，卢卡奇也是国内研究西方马克思主义的重点，但国内学者主要将精力集中在卢卡奇的早期思想，尤其是《历史与阶级意识》，以及坚持卢卡奇早年路线的布达佩斯学派。针对于卢卡奇苏联时期思想的研究数量较少，也不够深入。
为了介绍拉美马克思主义，以及扩展国内学界对于卢卡奇苏联时期思想的研究，选择巴西马克思主义哲学家卡洛斯·内尔森·科迪纽的著作《结构主义与理性的贫困》作为本文的研究对象。这本书继承与发展卢卡奇后期“理性”与“非理性思潮”思想，提出“理性思潮”与“反理性思潮”。本篇论文采用历史唯物主义的分析方法，试图将科迪纽的思想与历史发展进程联系起来，以此来深刻认识科迪纽观点背后的现实因素。
论文首先分析科迪纽思想的缘起，也就是“理性思潮”与“反理性思潮”在卢卡奇哲学中的原型。卢卡奇的“理性”概念来源于黑格尔，表现为对经济社会本质的洞察。“非理性思潮”则是在黑格尔之后掀起的反对黑格尔“理性”的思潮，在德国纳粹政权执政时期达到高峰。科迪纽在卢卡奇思想的基础上建立“理性思潮”与“反理性思潮”。“理性思潮”是科迪纽所补充的“理性”形成史，这一思潮自文艺复兴时期开始，鼎盛于黑格尔哲学，在最后以马克思主义为结尾。“理性思潮”起源于三点：人的发现、科学理论与秩序，以及为理想世界而战。“理性思潮”内容有三点：人文主义、辩证理性、具体历史主义。与“理性思潮”相对立的便是“反理性思潮”。“反理性思潮”有两种形式：非理性主义与“理性”形式主义。非理性主义表现为浪漫主义与存在主义，“理性”形式主义表现为实证主义与新实证主义。“反理性思潮”源于垄断资本主义时期的经济矛盾。“反理性思潮”意味人对本质的抛弃以及不可知论的形成。人们被迫走向人的生命视角与物的表象视角。在当时的社会，结构主义是最强的反马克思主义思潮。科迪纽先是分析结构主义的历史背景新资本主义。之后科迪纽又揭示结构主义的本质理性的贫困。科迪纽揭示结构主义的形成，也就是从语言出发，从新实证主义到结构主义。最后，论文也对科迪纽思想作出客观评价。

With the development of Chinese domestic study of Marxism, the Chinese scholars analyzed the theory of Marxism of other countries for new trains of thoughts and new information for the relative studies. But Chinese scholars currently have few studies of the relative Latin theories. There’s little to commend about the relative Latin researches. On the other hand, the theory of Lukacs is the focal point of Chinese researches of western Marxism, but Chinese scholars mainly concentrate on the early thoughts of Lukacs, especially the History and Class Consciousness, and the Budapest School. There’s insufficient researches of the thoughts of Lukacs during the Soviet period and later period. 
To introduce the Latin Marxism and enlarge the study of Lukacs’s thoughts during the Soviet period, this thesis selects O Estruturalismo e a Miséria da Razão, the work of Carlos Nelson Coutinho, as the object of study. This work inherits and optimizes Lukacs’s thoughts of “Reason ” and “Thread of Irrationality” to provide the “Thread of Reason” and the “Thread of Anti-rationality”. This thesis attempts to connect coutinho’s thoughts and historical process with the analysis approach of Historical Materialism to reveal the realistic factor of Coutinho’s thoughts. 
The thesis firstly analyses the origin of Coutinho’s thoughts, or the prototype of the “Thread of Reason” and the “Thread of Anti-rationality” in Lukacs’s thoughts. The “Reason” origins from Hegel and presented as the insights of the essence of society. The “Thread of Irrationality”, which has the birth after Hegel, is anti-Hegel and reaches the climax during the Nazi period. Coutinho provides the “Thread of Reason” and the “Thread of Anti-rationality” based on the Lukacs’s thoughts. The “Thread of Reason”, which origins from the Renaissance and reaches the top during the period of Hegel and ends as the Marxism, is the reinforcement of the history of “Reason” by Coutinho. The “Thread of Reason” origins from three points: the discovery of humanity, the scientific theory and the order of nature, and the ideal world. The “Thread of Reason” has three points: the humanity, the dialectical reason, and the concrete historicism. The “Thread of Anti-rationality” is the opposite to the “Thread of Reason”. The “Thread of Anti-rationality” has two forms: the Irrationality and the “Rational” Formalism. The Irrationality presented as the Romanticism and the Existentialism. The “Rational” Formalism presented as the Positivism and the Neopositivism. The “Thread of Anti-rationality” origins from the economic contradictions during the period of Monopoly Capitalism. The “Thread of Anti-rationality” implies the abandonment of essence and the formation of Agnosticism. People are forced to select the view of objects and the subjective view. At that time, the Structuralism is one of the most threatening anti-marxist theory. For the beginning, Coutinho analyses the Neo-Capitalism, the background of the Structuralism. Then Coutinho reveals the essence of Structuralism, the “The Poverty of Reason”. Coutinho reveals the formation of Structuralism, which origins from the language and forms from Neopositivism to Structuralism. At last, this thesis offers comments on Coutinho’s thoughts.