工作和家庭是职业女性两个重要的人生领域。在生活节奏日益加快，社会竞争激烈的大都市，职业女性在时间和精力有限的情况下，充满着工作家庭冲突，对她们的身心健康、工作和生活满意度以及组织的效益都带来了很多不利影响。职业女性是重要的人力资源，同时也担负着人口再生产的责任，然而她们为人口再生产创造的价值未得到充分认可。生育之后重返职场的哺乳期女性面临更不友好的职场环境，更加繁重的育儿任务，更大挑战的工作家庭冲突。因此，有必要了解职业女性哺乳期的工作家庭冲突状况及原因，分析她们的现实需求，帮助她们探索缓解工作家庭冲突的对策。

本研究以北京市12名职场新手妈妈为研究对象，采用质性研究的方法对其进行半结构式访谈。基于工作家庭冲突理论框架，从时间、压力、行为三个维度探讨职场妈妈在哺乳期面临的工作家庭冲突状况及原因。在此基础上，分析她们采取的缓解冲突水平的方式及其现实需求，针对性地提出缓解工作家庭冲突可能的路径。研究发现，职场母亲的工作家庭冲突与社会文化环境、公共政策、组织支持、家庭/配偶支持以及女性自身特质关系密切，表现在时间上是规定的产假或哺乳假不能落实，母乳喂养是不可或缺的母职，照顾孩子及亲子时间与母亲的工作时间或个人休闲时间产生争夺；压力方面主要来自于适应母亲角色、处理复杂家庭关系、骤增的经济压力、返岗重新适应工作；行为方面则主要是职场角色的雷厉风行和家庭角色的温婉贤淑之间的冲突。在缓解冲突的方式上，主要是依靠个人和家庭的力量：自己调整心态、提升效率、做出取舍，积极通过多种途径寻求多元化的支持。她们在这一时期的迫切需求主要有：孩子的照料、医疗与教育服务，生育制度的保障，单位和领导的支持，配偶的理解与支持。缓解职场母亲的工作家庭冲突水平，不仅需要依靠个人和家庭，还应从社会、政府、单位等方面共同努力：社会环境倡导真正的男女平等，政府完善公共政策和公共服务，单位推行家庭友好计划，长辈和配偶提供情感和工具性支持，个人提高自我效能。

Work and family are two important life fields for professional women. In a metropolis with increasingly fast pace of life and fierce social competition, professional women are full of work family conflict under the condition of limited time and energy, which has brought a lot of adverse effects on their physical and mental health, job and life satisfaction and organizational benefits. Professional women are important human resources, but also bear the responsibility of population reproduction. However, the value they create for population reproduction has not been fully recognized. Lactating women who return to work after childbirth face more hostile workplace environment, more onerous parenting tasks and more challenging work family conflicts. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the situation of work family conflict in lactation period of professional women, analyze their actual needs, and help them to explore countermeasures to alleviate the work family conflict.

In this study, 12 first-time mothers in Beijing were selected as the research objects, and the qualitative method was used to conduct a semi-structured interview. Based on the theoretical framework of work family conflict, this paper presents the situation of work family conflict faced by working mothers in lactation (the first of motherhood) from three dimensions of time, pressure and behavior. On this basis, this paper analyzes the ways they take to alleviate the conflict level and their practical needs, and puts forward the possible ways to alleviate the work family conflict. It is found that the work family conflict of working mothers is closely related to social and cultural environment, public policies, organizational support, family/spouse support and women's own characteristics, which is manifested in the fact that the maternity leave or breastfeeding leave stipulated in the time cannot be implemented, breastfeeding is an indispensable mother's duty, and the parent-child time competes with the mother's working time or personal leisure time. In terms of pressure, it is mainly reflected in adapting to the role of mother, dealing with complex family relations, increasing economic pressure and re-adapting to work; in terms of behavior, it is mainly the conflict between the fierce behavior of the workplace role and the gentle and virtuous family role. In terms of the way to alleviate the conflict, it mainly depends on the strength of individuals and families: adjust their mentality, improve efficiency, make choices, and actively seek diversified support through various ways. Their urgent needs in this period are mainly: Children's care, medical and educational services,  birth system guarantee, support of units and leaders, understanding and support of spouses. To alleviate the work family conflict level of working mothers, we should not only rely on individuals and families, but also work together from society, government, units and other aspects: the social environment advocates real equality between men and women, the government improves public policies and public services, the unit implements family friendly programs, elders and spouses provide emotional and instrumental support, and individuals improve their self-efficacy.