积极应对经济发展带来的人口老龄化问题，就需要关注老年群体的生活质量。由于现代社会的发展趋势，人们价值观也在改变等原因使得空巢老人不断增多。主观幸福感（SWB）是反映老年人生活质量的关键指标之一。目前关于老年人SWB的研究中，大多使用传统方法，分析其个体方面的作用因素，忽略了社区层面对其SWB的作用。本文使用第四次中国城乡老年人生活状况抽样调查北京市的数据，运用分层线性模型，估计对老年人及空巢老人SWB的作用因素，并提出一些解决意见。 估计结果表明：（1）家庭因素，即老年人的子女数，对老年人和空巢老人SWB都有显著的正向影响；（2）健康状况因素，包括自评健康状况和孤独感，自评健康状况对老年人和空巢老人SWB都有正向影响，而且孤独感对老年人和空巢老人SWB的负向影响程度更大；（3）经济状况与宜居环境上，自评经济状况和住房条件满意度，对老年人和空巢老人SWB都有正向影响，但是住房拥有量仅对老年人SWB有显著影响；（4）生活方式与社会参与状况上，参加社会公益情况对两者SWB影响差异不大，但是每周参加体育锻炼的频次仅对老年人SWB有影响，对空巢老人的没有显著影响，而精神文化生活对空巢老人SWB的影响程度最大；（5）社区因素中的社区类型和社区入住养老机构比例对两种老年人SWB均有正向影响，而社区平均收入则没有显著影响；（6）社区入住养老机构比例对孤独感与SWB之间的关系具有正向调节作用，随着社区入住养老机构比例的提高会增强孤独感对SWB的负向影响，还对老年人的自评经济状况具有负向的调节作用；社区类型分别对老年人的体育锻炼频次和空巢老人的自评健康状况与SWB的关系都具有负向调节作用。这些结论可为进一步认识社区在提高老年人及空巢老人SWB的作用因素方面提供一定的参考。

To cope with the problem of population ageing brought about by economic development, we are obliged to do pay attention to the quality of life of the elderly. Due to social development trends, changes in people's values, etc., the empty nesters have increase significantly. Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is one of key index of the elderly’ quality of life. In the present study on the SWB of the elderly, most of the traditional methods used analyze their individual factors, ignoring the effects of community factors on their subjective well-being. Applying the data of the fourth survey of the living conditions of the elderly in urban and rural areas in Beijing and hierarchical linear model (HLM), this article explores the factors of the SWB in the elderly and the empty nesters, and puts forward some advice. The estimation results show that ：(1) the family factors, the quantity of children in the elderly, has a significant positive effect on the SWB of the elderly and the empty nesters;(2) the health factors, includes self-rated health and loneliness, self-rated health has a positive effect on the SWB of the elderly and the empty nesters , the loneliness has a greater negative impact on them;(3)the economic conditions and livable environment factors, self-rated of economic and satisfaction of housing conditions, have a positive effect on the SWB of the elderly and the empty nesters, but the quantity of housing owned only has a significant effect on the SWB of the elderly; (4) the lifestyle and social participation factors, Participating in public welfare situation impact on SWB little difference between the two, but the frequency of physical exercise has an impact on the SWB of the elderly, and it has no significant impact on empty-nesters. However, the spiritual and cultural life has the greatest influence on the SWB of empty-nests; (5)the community factors, the types of community and the percentage of community occupancy rate pension institutions positive affects the SWB of both older people, while the average income of the community has no significant effect.(6) In addition, the percentage of community occupancy rate pension institutions has a positive moderated on the relationship between loneliness and SWB in lever-1 variables. Increasing the percentage of community occupancy rate pension institutions can strength the negative influence of loneliness on SWB, and it also has negative moderated on the elderly’ the self-rated of economic; the types of community are negative moderated on the elderly’ frequency of physical exercise and the empty nesters’ self-rated health. These findings can provide a reference for further understanding of the community in improving the SWB of the elderly and the empty nesters .