“二胎政策”的全面放开意味着多年来我国严格执行的以“独生子女政策”为主的计划生育政策发生了巨大的改变。这项具有强制性和时间长等特点的政策对我国的经济社会各个方面产生了巨大影响，人力资本投资是其中的一个重要的变量，一个人能否接受高等教育需要前期进行较多的人力资本投资，并且教育性别平等也是一个重要命题。因此我们将考察“计划生育政策”相对于男性，是否更有利于女性人力资本投资，使得女性接受高等教育的机会得以提升从而缩小两者之间的差距。本研究有两个理论基础，一是“人口数量与质量的替代”理论，即家庭中子女数量的减少将使得家庭能够把有限的资源投入到每个子女更多的人力资本投资中；二是由于“计划生育政策”的实施，使得原本有“重男轻女”思想的独女家庭把原本投入到男孩教育中的资源投入到女孩的教育中。本文将基于2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据，利用双重差分模型来考察“人口数量与质量的替代”理论在实证分析下是否成立，接着运用三重差分模型来考察“计划生育政策”是否对于男性和女性接受高等教育机会差异的减小有促进作用。并且通过稳健性分析检验结果是否稳健。最后结合分析结果对于本文做出结论并且对于生育开放之后如何保持和促进教育性别平等提出相应的建议。

The full liberalization of the "two-child policy" means that Chinese family planning policy, which has been strictly implemented for more than three decades and is dominated by the "one-child policy”, has undergone tremendous changes. This policy, which is mandatory and takes a long time, has had a tremendous impact on all aspects of Chinese economy and society, especially the one-child policy. Human capital investment is one of the important variables. Whether a person can accept higher education needs more human capital investment in the early stage, and the education of gender equality is also an important proposition. Therefore, we will examine whether the family planning policy is more conducive to female human capital investment than men. This study has two theoretical foundations. The first is the theory of “Quantity-Quality Tradeoff”, which means that the reduction of the number of children in the family will enable family to put limited resources into the individual’s more human capital investment. The second one is that the implementation of the "one-child policy" may cause that the family who prefers boys over girls has to devote the resources originally invested in boy education to the education of girl. This paper will use the difference-in-difference model to examine whether the “Quantity-Quality Tradeoff” theory is valid under the empirical analysis based on the 2005 national 1% population sample survey data, and then use the difference-in-difference-in-difference model to examine whether the “one-child policy” has a positive effect of increasing females' chances of receiving higher education opportunities. Finally, according to the results of the analysis, we will make conclusions on this article and make recommendations on how to maintain and promote education equality after the universal two-child policy has been implemented.