随着自然资本和生态系统服务概念的提出，生态系统服务价值评估已经成为生态管理 和保护的重要工具，可以为决策者提供重要信息和参考。近几十年来中国建立了很多以保 护森林生态系统和濒危野生动植物物种为主的自然保护区，国家和地方政府为此每年承担 了巨大的财政支出。尽管我们相信这些自然保护区可以有效地保护野生动植物物种及栖息 的自然生态系统，但其真正的社会经济价值及利益分配并没有被公众普遍了解。本研究在 国内首次使用基于地点尺度的生态系统服务评估工具包（TESSA），对中国西南地区两个典 型具有野生动物旗舰物种的自然保护区（王朗国家级自然保护区和西双版纳国家级自然保 护区）进行了包括气候调节、水相关服务、收获性物品供给、培育性物品供给和自然娱乐 5 类服务的系统价值评估： （1） 位 于 四 川 的 王 朗 国 家 级 自 然 保 护 区 是 我 国 最 早 建 立 的 大 熊 猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca 保护区之一，同时也保护了大面积的高海拔天然原生林。我们评估了这种 严格保护形式下的生态系统服务价值，并与周边处于天然林保护工程下允许部分人类 活动的地区进行对比，结果显示严格保护形式会使该地区产生更大的生态系统服务价 值。自然保护区状态下的总价值为 USD 30,924,904/年（CNY 214,756,278/年），而天然 林保护工程下为 USD 28,735,236/年（CNY 199,550,250/年）。尽管天然林保护工程下的 地区可以为当地居民提供更多薪柴、放牧、野生食物和药材方面的福利，但自然保护 区在碳储量、温室气体吸收、自然娱乐方面为全国乃至全球提供了更多的利益。货币 价值的估算结果证明自然保护区状态下的经济利益(USD 958/ha/年，CNY 66,523/ha/年) 远远超过了当前的保护和管理成本(USD 23/ha/年，CNY 160/ha/年)，对于这里的保护工 作及受益群体来讲，自然保护区较于天然林保护工程是一个更划算的选择。 （2） 位于云南的西双版纳国家级自然保护区保护着中国仅存的大部分亚洲象 Elephas maximus 种群，这里典型的热带雨林生态系统是重要的生物多样性热点地区。但是同大 多数东南亚热带雨林一样，其周边地区在近几十年内受到以橡胶为主的经济林的严重 侵蚀。我们评估了勐养子保护区的生态系统服务价值，发现该保护区在碳储量、温室 气体吸收、生活用水供给、自然娱乐、野生菌采集方面体现出巨大的服务价值，总价值为 USD 46,858,495/年（CNY 325,406,215/年），单位面积价值 USD 469/ha/年（CNY 3,257/ha/年），但当前状态却不能满足当地村民的种植需求。若在基本满足种植需求的 情景下，保护区内会有近 10%的天然原生林转变为经济林，虽然可以给当地带来更多 的林产品价值，但会造成水质恶化，森林和野生动植物受到威胁，用水供给和自然娱 乐服务将受到严重影响，总价值只有 USD 26,346,552/年（CNY 182,962,167/年），单位 面积价值 USD 264 /ha/年（CNY 1,833/ha/年），比当前状态减少近一半。 （3） 对以大熊猫为旅游特色的王朗保护区与以亚洲象为旅游特色的勐养保护区野象谷 景区的旅游价值进行调查，结果显示王朗保护区目前的实现旅游价值为 USD 4,068,000/ 年（CNY 28,250,000/年），游客大多来自当地；勐养保护区的实现旅游价值为 USD 39,656,000/年（CNY 275,390,000/年），游客来自全国各地。大多数游客表示吸引力来自 “自然保护区”而非“旅游景区”，可见自然保护区和濒危野生动物已成为核心吸引力。通 过意愿调查发现，若没有自然保护区的保护与管理，旅游价值将会大幅度下降。 通过生态系统服务价值评估，我们发现自然保护区的建立虽然可能影响了当地原著居 民对保护区内自然资源的传统利用模式，但却可以使更大范围的社会群体获取可持续的收 益。为平衡这种利益分布不均的状况，政策制定者和自然资源管理者应该积极建立行之有 效的生态系统服务付费机制，并以生态补偿等措施切实帮助当地因保护和维持生态系统服 务而损失了部分发展利益的社区群众，寻求环境友好型的经济发展方式。我们希望这次研 究可以为中小尺度生态系统服务的动态价值评估提供方法参考，为自然保护区的规划和管 理提供决策依据，也为利益相关者的自然宣传教育提供有用素材。

With the concept of natural capital and ecosystem services, the assessment of the value of ecosystem services has been an important tool to manage and protect ecological environment. Plenty of nature reserves have been established in China during the last few decades, focusing on forest ecosystem and endangered wildlife species. National and local governments are bearing heavy fiscal expenditure for this kind of conservation and management. Despite broad recognition that these nature reserves protect local biodiversity and rare species effectively, the wider socioeconomic benefits and costs provided by this conservation approach relative to alternative approaches are not well understood. This study addressed this research gap through using a new Toolkit for Ecosystem Services Site-based Assessment (TESSA) to assess the values of ecosystem services, including climate regulation, water-related services, cultivated goods, harvested goods, and nature-based recreation, provided by two typical nature reserves in southwestern China (Wanglang National Nature Reserve and Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve): 1. Wanglang National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province was founded in 1965, and is listed as one of earliest founded giant panda nature reserves in China. High-altitude dark conifer forest are also protected within the reserve. We quantified differences in ecosystem services provision and distribution of two alternative conservation management approaches in a strictly protected nature reserve in China based on (1) existing strict regulations versus (2) extrapolation of those in an adjacent Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP) allowing human use of lowintensity. The nature reserve provides more valuable ecosystem services (USD 30,924,904/yr) than it would have done if it had been managed like the NFPP (USD 28,735,236/yr). The NFPP state is exposed to greater human activities, providing local benefits in the form of fuelwood, grazing, and harvested food and medicine. In comparison, the nature reserve provided greater benefits in terms of carbon stock, greenhouse gas sequestration, and recreation, at the national and global scale. The monetary benefits of the nature reserve (USD 958/ha/yr) could cover all conservation management costs (USD 23/ha/yr), making it a more worthwhile approach for conservation and beneficiaries. 2. Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province acts as an important biodiversity hotspot, protecting the majority of the only existing Asian elephant populations in China, as well as the typical tropic rainforest. However, cash forest encroachment become a severe threat to the natural ecosystems in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, the same as many others in Southeast Asia. We evaluated the ecosystem services provided by Mengyang sub-reserve, compared with the simulated scenario that possible encroachment occurs. Under the conservation, Mengyang reserve provided more value from carbon stock, greenhouse gas sequestration, domestic water supply, and nature-based recreation, up to USD 46,858,495/yr (USD 469/ha/yr). But the surrounding villagers aspired to expand their arable land, planting cash tree, especially, rubber and tea. Under the alternative scenario, 10 percent of natural forest would be converted to cash forest according to the aspiration. Despite more local profits with plantation, other services would be damaged. Based on our conservative estimate, the cash tree encroachment would reduce the net value by more than 20 million US dollars per year. Deterioration in water quality, habitat, and biodiversity would result in huge economic losses in domestic water supply and nature-based recreation. 3. The recreation value of Wanglang comes from the tourism attractive in wild giant panda, while that value of Mengyang comes from the tourism in Yexianggu scenic spot attractive in wild Asian elephants. Tourism surveys were conducted in Wanglang and Yexianggu. The realized tourism value of Wanglang was CNY 28,580,000/yr, and the most tourists were from local area. The realized tourism value of Mengyang was CNY 275,390,000/yr, and the most tourists were from all over the nation. More tourists chose “nature reserve” as the attraction rather than “scenic spot”, illustrating that “nature reserve” and “wildlife” has been the core competence for tourism. Through the contingent value method, we found that the tourism value would fall dramatically without the conservation and management of nature reserve. The assessment of the value of ecosystem services demonstrated the establishment of nature reserve provided more sustainable profits for large-scale beneficiaries in spite of some restriction for the traditional utilization of natural resources by local residents. To deal with the trade-off of the benefit distribution, both governmental policy-makers and local managers should develop feasible payment for ecosystem services, and help the local communities and residents who lost benefits through ecological compensation, seeking for the environmentally friendly development. Our study was initiated to provide methodological references for the dynamic assessment of ecosystem services values at site scale, useful information for policy makers on the planning and management of nature reserves, persuasive publicity materials to local stakeholders on ecosystem services, and feasible approaches to resolve the distribution of benefits.