1949-1956年，新中国完成了从新民主主义到社会主义的改变，政治、经济、社会等方面发生了翻天覆地的变化。新中国日新月异的变化离不开广大女工群体的参与。

本文以北京女工为中心，利用报刊杂志和档案资料，从社会史的视野，考察1949-1956年党和政府如何组织动员、教育北京女工开展生产活动，推进社会主义建设和妇女解放运动。同时，北京女工又是如何在国家动员下，接受教育，积极参与这一过程，完成自我改造、自我解放的。通过对国家与女工群体互动的探讨，展现新中国女工工作的曲折发展，以及北京女工群体主体意识觉醒的过程，进而彰显中国共产党领导下的妇女解放运动的伟大成就。

中国工人阶级产生于半殖民地半封建社会。随着西方资本主义入侵，自给自足的封建经济开始解体，大量失业农民和手工业者成为近代工人力量的后备军。在19世纪40到60年代的外资企业、官办企业、官商合办企业中，中国第一批工人诞生了。在大量涌入城市的失业农民和手工业者中，其中也包含一批被迫走出家庭的女性，她们是中国最早的女工。早期女工群体主要集中于沿海工业城市，随着战争形势，逐渐向内地发展。到1949年，全国产业女工数量达到60万人。全国女工队伍的壮大不仅受近代工业发展影响，也与五四新文化运动以来倡导“男女平等”的社会风气密切相关。在近代妇女解放运动进程下，各地妇女自我意识开始觉醒，大量家庭妇女尝试走出家庭，参与社会政治、经济、文化生活。因北京工业长期滞后，北京女工群体形成于20世纪初的手工业。北京女工群体规模小、发展缓慢的情况一直延续到1949年。北京解放之初，女工人数仅数千人。在“变消费城市为生产城市”的号召下，北京女工群体得到迅速发展，一五计划结束后，达到20余万人。

1949-1956年北京女工群体的迅速发展，离不开国家就业政策支持和劳动宣传。国家通过保障妇女的就业权利、推行同工同酬工资制度、提供女工特殊劳动保护等措施，保证了女工在生产领域的平等地位。同时，国家通过制定法律政策，大力宣传劳动竞赛，“劳动光荣”的新劳动观等办法，肯定了工人阶级的领导地位，激励更多劳动妇女加入北京女工群体。北京女工群体的构成复杂，且随时代变化有所调整。她们多数年轻力壮，虽文化水平不高，但有较高的学习热情，是新中国经济建设可以教育、可以依靠的力量。起初，北京女工多从事火柴、纺织、面粉等轻工业，随着国民经济的恢复以及一五计划的开展，陆续有北京女工打破传统分工，涉足男性占多数的重工业，职业选择愈发多元。尽管以男女平等为基本原则的就业政策是推动北京女工群体迅速发展的直接动力，但北京女工群体的发展与劳动保护、薪酬待遇等条件的改善关系密切。

安全民主的生产环境与公平的薪酬待遇为北京女工群体的劳动生活提供了重要保障。近代北京的女工不仅要与男工一起忍受危险、肮脏、繁重的工作条件，还要忍受来自把头制、搜身制的侮辱，生理与心理都遭受着极大创伤。新中国成立后，国家十分重视女工的身心健康，通过颁布《工厂卫生暂行条例草案》、《劳动保险条例》等系列条例办法，改善工厂安全卫生环境，开展妇幼卫生教育等举措，提高了北京女工安全卫生生产的意识。企业民主改革运动则废除了封建管理制度，逐渐建立起了民主的工厂管理制度。在20世纪50年代两次工资改革和公私合营后，北京女工终于获得了同工同酬权利。受压迫深重的女工从此体会到了“当家作主”。除给予女工同等待遇，党和政府有意在相关福利待遇上向女工倾斜。1951年颁布的《劳动保险条例》不仅保证了女工在生、老、病、死、伤残等方面的同等待遇，还给予了女工在退休年龄、生育待遇上的特殊照顾。托幼服务的开展则缓解了北京女工参与生产和养育子女的压力。生产环境与薪酬待遇的改善，激发了北京女工对新政权的的认同，决心以更大的热情投入到劳动竞赛中。

1950年《婚姻法》的颁布实施和贯彻婚姻法运动的开展，不仅为废除强迫包办、男尊女卑的旧婚姻制度提供了法律依据，也使得“婚姻自由、男女平等、民主和睦、团结生产”的新婚姻家庭观念逐渐在北京女工群体中树立起来。贯彻婚姻法运动初期，因新的婚姻家庭原则不够明晰，一度给北京女工的婚恋生活造成困扰。随着贯彻婚姻法运动的深入发展，“民主和睦、团结生产”的新婚姻家庭原则得以确立，推动了北京女工“以生产为中心”的择偶标准的改变和婚姻家庭观念的形成。北京女工婚姻自主的意识逐渐觉醒，部分北京女工利用《婚姻法》及宣传话语，为自己争取到自主权利。随着广大群众逐渐达成男女平等、婚姻自由的共识，北京女工在婚姻家庭生活中的地位得以提高。

组织北京女工参与政治生活，既是教育女工成为新女性的重要举措，也是北京女工政治地位和社会地位提高的重要表现。党和政府通过设立女工工作部门，组织女工加入工会，保证了北京女工政治生活的开展。通过“劳动光荣”的生产教育、“团结互助”的政治教育，动员女工参与各类政治活动，使北京女工的阶级意识得以树立，真正体会到“当家作主”。北京女工通过政治学习、政治活动，开始主动向新政权、向中国共产党靠拢，成为党和政府生产建设可以信赖的力量。

总而言之，1949-1956年北京女工群体的迅速发展不仅体现在数量规模的变化，更体现在其所从事行业的多元化、福利待遇的平等化，婚姻家庭地位、政治意识和政治参与度显著提高等方面。在国家全方位的支持下，北京女工在生产劳动、婚姻家庭、政治生活实践中，主体意识得以被唤醒，逐渐生成了对新政权的认同和信任。

约占一半中国人口的妇女群体的前途命运，一直是党和政府时刻关注的问题。以北京女工群体为代表的广大妇女群体在生产、政治、社会地位的提高，反映了国家对妇女解放问题的高度关心和重视。考察女工群体与国家的互动，既可反映了党对新中国的坚强领导作用，也能了解以女工群体为代表的广大工农群众对党制定的相关路线、方针、政策的影响。北京女工群体的变迁正是过渡时期新中国社会变革的一个缩影。

From 1949 to 1956, New China completed the transformation from new democracy to socialism, and earth-shaking changes took place in the political, economic and social aspects. The rapid changes of new China cannot be separated from the participation of women workers.

This paper, focusing on female workers in Beijing, makes use of newspapers, magazines and archives to investigate how the Party and government organized and mobilized female workers in Beijing to carry out productive activities and promote socialist construction and women's liberation movement from 1949 to 1956 from the perspective of social history. At the same time, how do Beijing women workers receive education under the national mobilization, actively participate in this process, and complete self-transformation and self-liberation? Through the discussion of the interaction between the state and the female workers group, it shows the tortuous development of female workers' work in New China and the process of awakening the subject consciousness of the female workers group in Beijing, and then highlights the great achievements of the women's liberation movement under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

The Chinese working class emerged from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. With the invasion of Western capitalism, the self-sufficient feudal economy began to disintegrate, and a large number of unemployed peasants and craftsmen became the reserve army of modern workers' power. From the 1840s to the 1860s, the first batch of Chinese workers were born in foreign-funded enterprises, government-run enterprises, and government-business joint enterprises. Women are among the many unemployed farmers and artisans who have flocked to the cities. They were forced out of their families and became the first female workers in China. Early female workers mainly concentrated in coastal industrial cities, with the development of the war situation, gradually to the inland continued to develop. By 1949, the number of female industrial workers in China had reached 600,000. The growth of female workers in China is not only influenced by modern industrial development, but also closely related to the social atmosphere advocating "gender equality" since the May Fourth New Culture Movement. In the process of modern women's liberation movement, women's self-consciousness began to awaken, and a large number of domestic women tried to get out of the family and participate in social politics, economy and cultural life. Due to the long-term lag of Beijing's industry, the Beijing women workers group formed in the handicraft industry in the early 20th century. The small size and slow development of female workers in Beijing continued until 1949. At the beginning of the liberation of Beijing, the number of female workers was only a few thousand. Under the call of "transforming a consumer city into a production city", the female workers' group in Beijing has developed rapidly, reaching more than 200,000 after the end of the First Five-Year Plan.

The rapid development of female workers in Beijing from 1949 to 1956 was inseparable from the support of the national employment policy and labor propaganda. The State has ensured the equal status of women workers in the field of production by guaranteeing their employment rights, introducing a wage system of equal pay for equal work and providing special labor protection for women workers. At the same time, the state through the formulation of laws and policies, affirm the leadership of the working class, vigorously promote labor competition, "labor glory" new labor concept, encourage more working women to join the female workers group. The composition of female workers in Beijing is complex and has been adjusted with the changes of The Times. Most of them are young and strong, although the cultural level is not high, but have a high enthusiasm for learning, is the party and the government to carry out economic construction can educate, can rely on the force. At first, women workers in Beijing were mostly engaged in light industries such as matches, textiles, cigarettes and flour. With the recovery of the national economy and the implementation of the First Five Year Plan, women workers in Beijing were gradually involved in heavy industry, where men were the majority, and their career choices became more diverse. Although the employment policy with gender equality as the basic principle is the direct driving force for the rapid development of women workers in Beijing, the development of women workers in Beijing is closely related to the improvement of labor protection, salary and other conditions.

Safe and democratic production environment and fair remuneration provide an important guarantee for the working life of women workers in Beijing. Female workers in modern Beijing not only had to endure dangerous and dirty working conditions together with male workers, but also had to endure insults from the head and body search system, and suffered great physical and psychological trauma.  Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state has attached great importance to the physical and mental health of female workers, and adopted a series of regulations and measures, such as the Interim Regulations on Factory Hygiene and the Regulations on Labor Insurance, to improve the safety and health environment in factories, and to carry out health education for women and children, thus raising the awareness of female workers in Beijing on safe and healthy production. The enterprise democratic reform movement abolished the feudal management system and gradually established a democratic factory management system. After two wage reforms and public-private partnerships in the 1950s, women workers in Beijing finally got equal pay for equal work. The oppressed female workers realized that they were "masters of the house". In addition to giving equal treatment to women workers, the Party and the government intentionally favor women workers in related welfare benefits. The Regulations on Labor Insurance promulgated in 1951 not only guaranteed equal treatment of women workers in respect of birth, old age, illness, death, disability, etc., but also gave women workers special care in respect of retirement age and maternity treatment. The development of childcare services has eased the pressure on Beijing women workers to participate in production and raise children. The improvement of the production environment and pay treatment has stimulated the identification of Beijing women workers with the new regime, and they are determined to devote themselves to the labor competition with greater enthusiasm.

The promulgation and implementation of the "Marriage Law" in 1950, as well as the implementation of the marriage Law movement, not only provided a legal basis for the abolition of the old marriage system of forced arrangement, male superiority and female superiority, but also made the new marriage and family concepts of freedom of marriage, equality between men and women, democracy and harmony, and unity in production gradually established among women workers in Beijing. At the beginning of the movement to implement the Marriage Law, the new marriage and family principles were not clear enough, which once caused troubles to the marriage and love life of Beijing female workers. With the in-depth development of the movement to implement the Marriage Law, the new marriage and family principle of "democracy, harmony and unity in production" has been established, which has promoted the change of the "production-centered" mate selection standard of female workers in Beijing and the formation of the concept of marriage and family. The consciousness of marriage autonomy of women workers in Beijing has gradually awakened, and some women workers in Beijing have made use of the Marriage Law and propaganda words to fight for their autonomy rights. With the broad masses gradually reached the consensus of equality between men and women and freedom of marriage, the status of Beijing women workers in marriage and family life has been improved.

Organizing women workers in Beijing to participate in political life is not only an important measure to educate women workers in Beijing to become new women, but also an important expression to improve the political and social status of women workers in Beijing. The Party and the government ensured the political life of women workers in Beijing by setting up working departments for women workers and organizing women workers to join trade unions. Through the production education of "labor is glorious" and the political education of "solidarity and mutual assistance", female workers are mobilized to participate in various political activities, so that the class consciousness of women workers in Beijing can be established and they truly realize that "they are masters of the country". Through political learning and political activities, Beijing female workers began to take the initiative to move closer to the new regime and the Communist Party of China, and became a reliable force for the production and construction of the Party and the government.

To sum up, the rapid development of female workers in Beijing from 1949 to 1956 was not only reflected in the change of the number of female workers, but also reflected in the diversification of female workers' occupations, the equality of welfare benefits, the significant increase in marriage and family status, political awareness and political participation. With the all-round support of the Party and the government, women workers in Beijing have been able to awaken their subjective consciousness in production labor, marriage and family, and political life practices, and have gradually generated their identification and trust in the Party and the government.

The future of women, who account for about half of China's population, has always been a matter of concern for the Party and the government. The improvement of women's status in production, politics and society, represented by the Beijing women workers group, reflects the Party and the government's great concern and attention to the issue of women's liberation. By examining the interaction between the women workers group and the state, it not only reflects the Party's strong leadership role in New China, but also reflects the influence of the broad masses of workers and peasants represented by the women workers group on the relevant lines, guidelines and policies formulated by the Party. The change of Beijing female workers group is a microcosm of the social change in the transitional period of new China.