随着互联网经济时代的到来，互联网外卖平台也在风口上不断成长，与互联网外卖平台共生的新兴职业群体——外卖配送员群体也在日益壮大。随着外卖平台用工模式的不断演进，平台将外卖配送员所带来的人力成本和法律风险向外转移、层层隔离，通过一系列针对法律漏洞的精密安排以及外包公司的配合，导致外卖配送员陷入“有劳动事实，无劳动关系”的窘境。在外卖平台用工的相关纠纷案件中，劳动关系的认定，是解决劳动者合法权益争议的基础。

本文写作目的为“既保证外卖配送员的合法权益，又保证平台经济的健康发展”，对于我国外卖平台的两种主要用工模式，专送模式和众包模式下外卖配送员劳动关系的司法认定结果进行分析，探究司法裁判结果不一的原因，结合英国、美国、意大利和西班牙对于外卖配送员劳动关系认定的法律实践，试图为我国目前的互联网外卖平台用工关系存在的弊病提出一些改进意见。

笔者认为为解决目前的互联网外卖平台用工关系存在的问题，首先，对于我国已滞后于用工形式发展的劳动关系认定标准应予以更新，可以借鉴国外经验设计多要素考察制度，并将算法从属性纳入劳动从属性范围。其次，对于众包模式下的外卖配送员，可以借鉴域外劳动三分法体系设立中间型劳动关系，将其定义为中间型劳动者，增加用工关系认定的制度弹性，并以不同用工模式下外卖配送员的实际需求为导向，构建多层次的劳动保障体系，对劳动者权益分层保护。同时对于外卖平台用工的劳务外包乱象，需加强对劳务外包的规制，明确劳务外包相关主体的法律责任，构建劳务外包监管体系。最后，加强对外卖配送员的司法保护，加强对劳动事实的实质性审查，并增加外卖平台和外包公司的举证责任，通过举证责任倒置，为处于弱势的外卖配送员提供更多支持，降低外卖配送员维权难度。

With the arrival of the era of Internet economy, the Internet delivery platform is also growing in the tuyere, and the emerging professional group symbiosis with the Internet delivery platform -- the food delivery deliverers group is also growing. With the continuous evolution of the labor mode of the delivery platform, the platform has transferred the labor costs and legal risks brought by the delivery personnel to the outside and isolated them layer upon layer. Through a series of precise arrangements for legal loopholes and the cooperation of outsourcing companies, the delivery personnel have been trapped in the dilemma of "having labor facts but no labor relations". In the labor dispute cases related to the delivery platform, the identification of labor relations is the basis for resolving the dispute over the legitimate rights and interests of workers.

The purpose of this article is to "guarantee the legal rights and interests of the delivery deliveryman and ensure the healthy development of the platform economy". It analyzes the judicial recognition results of the labor relationship of the delivery deliveryman under two main labor modes of Chinese delivery platform, special delivery mode and crowd sourcing mode, and explores the reasons for the different judicial results. Combined with the legal practices of Britain, America, Italy and Spain on labor relations of takeout deliverers, this paper tries to put forward some suggestions to improve the problems of labor relations on Internet takeout platforms.

The author believes that in order to solve the existing problems of labor relations on the Internet takeout platforms, firstly, the identification standard of labor relations which has lagged behind the development of labor forms should be updated, and the multi-factor investigation system can be designed by learning from foreign experience, and the algorithm can be incorporated into the scope of labor subordination. Secondly, for takeout deliverymen in the crowdsourcing mode, intermediate labor relations can be established by referring to the extraterritorial labor division system and defined as intermediate laborers, so as to increase the institutional flexibility of labor relations identification. In addition, a multi-level labor security system can be built to provide layered protection for laborers' rights and interests based on the actual needs of takeout deliverymen in different employment modes. At the same time, for the chaos of labor outsourcing in the delivery platform, it is necessary to strengthen the regulation of labor outsourcing, clarify the legal responsibilities of the relevant subjects of labor outsourcing, and build a supervision system of labor outsourcing. Finally, the judicial protection of delivery deliverers should be strengthened, the substantive examination of labor facts should be strengthened, and the burden of proof should be increased for delivery platforms and outsourcing companies. By reversing the burden of proof, more support should be provided for vulnerable delivery deliverers and the difficulty of rights protection for delivery deliverers should be reduced.