职业适应是衡量个体生活质量重要的标准之一。以往的资料表明，智力落后者理论上可能、实际上也能够达成一定程度的职业适应，但专门针对智力落后者职业适应状况及影响因素的研究还非常匮乏。本研究采取质的研究方法，试图深入了解智力落后者的职业适应状况，探究其影响因素，并提出有针对性的建议。本研究采取目的抽样中“强度抽样”的方式，以 2个智力落后者作为样本，通过田野调查的方法，和对智力落后员工、用工者、同事及家长的访谈，多方搜集材料并进行分析。研究表明，智力落后者职业适应状况可概括为：：1.工作态度较好；2. 工作习惯符合基本要求，但与普通员工仍有一定差距；3.工作质量和工作效率还比较低，内部差异也比较大；4.工作人际关系一般，尤其是智力落后员工之间关系较差； 5.工作满足方面，成就感偏低，但对工作回报较满意。针对以上各方面，本研究认为以下因素对智力落后者职业适应有较大的影响：1.相对于一般员工更为强烈的工作动机；2. 相对薄弱的意志力；3.工作能力尤其是身体素质方面个体间差异很大；4.缺乏社会交往意识和技能； 5.符合实际的、合理的职业期望。从以上研究结论出发，作者认为智力落后者的职业适应状况总体而言较好，对于其中存在的问题和困难，有以下建议：1.政府应该继续推进智力残疾者就业政策的改革，并推进立法保障其就业权益。2.用工者应该改善观念，消除对智力只落后的就业歧视；对员工的交往与合作进行全面的培训；加强安全管理。3.培智学校应该加强培养学生职业兴趣；加强对智力落后学生的体育训练；加强培养学生人际交往能力。4.社会支持机构应加强职业适应的转衔服务与辅导。5.家长应具有更为开放的就业观念；积极承担职业问题的教育责任；重视工作对智力落后者本人的发展价值。

Occupational adaptation is one of the important criteria to measure the quality of individual life. Previous researches show that people with mental retardation are theoretically possible, in fact able to reach a certain degree of occupational adaptation, but there is still a lack of the special researches of the status and influencing factors of mental retardations. This study which was taken by qualitative research methods is an attempt to understand of the occupational adaptation status of people with mental retardation deeply, to look into the factors and give specific suggestions. "strength sampling" method is taken in this research, which is one of the purpose sampling methods, two person with mental retardation being selected as the sample, collecting materials through field research methods, and interviewing retarded workers, labor, colleagues and parents, getting the information and analyzing them.Study shows that occupational adaptation status of people with mental retardation can be summarized as follows: 1. Working attitude is good; 2. Working habits are in line with the basic requirements, but there is still a certain gap between the general staff; 3. The working quality and efficiency is still relatively low, there are quite big internal differences, 4. Interpersonal working relationship is not well, particularly the poor relations between retardation employees, 5. Up to the Job satisfaction, the sense of achievement is low, but more satisfied with the return to work. For the above aspects, the study concluded that the following factors were influencing the occupational adaptation of people with mental retardation: 1. Strong incentive to work, 2. relatively weak willpower; 3. The ability to work especially physical quality differences are quite obvious between the individuals; 4. The lack of awareness and skills of sociality; 5. Realistic and reasonable career expectations. From the above conclusion of the study, the author considers that the occupational adaptation status of people with mental retardation is good as a whole, and gives some suggestions for the existing problems and difficulties: 1. The government should continue to promote intellectual disability employment policy reforms and legislation to protect their employment rights. 2. Concept of employment should be improved, and employment discrimination should be eliminated; a comprehensive training of employees’ cooperation and social intercourse should be conducted, and safety management should be strengthened. 3. The special schools should strengthen vocational and physical training to improve their interpersonal skills. 4. Community support institutions should provide better transition services and counseling. 5. Parents should be more open with the concept of employment, take the educational responsibility of the occupation problems, and attach importance to the developing value of the work to the people with mental retardation.