儿童是人类未来的希望，儿童的健康发展至关重要。一年级作为儿童接受学校教育的第一阶段，是儿童学习生涯中重要的时期。家庭和学校如果做好了儿童升入小学一年级学习的准备，减少不适应现象，降低儿童的入学坡度，将有利于他们后期的学习。笔者在前人研究的基础上，了解一年级新生学习适应性的现状，分析影响学习适应性的相关因素，并提出改进对策。 本研究主要采用问卷调查、访谈等方式，选择北京市石景山区J小学一年级新生、任课教师和家长为研究对象，共计发放714份调查问卷，并对J小学的19名任课教师、36名家长进行访谈。通过调查和分析学习适应性情况，探讨了影响学习适应性的相关因素，从而得出以下结论： 1.大部分小学一年级新生学习适应性良好，但仍存在一些问题：“三姿”情况不理想，缺乏良好的学习习惯；学生下课主动问老师问题的少，学习兴趣不够高；缺乏良好的听讲习惯，专注力不够等。 2.学校因素、家庭因素和儿童自身因素与一年级新生学习适应性相关。学校因素中，师生关系、同伴关系和学校环境与新生学习适应性相关性显著。家庭因素中，家庭氛围和亲子关系与新生学习适应性相关性显著；父母学历对新生学习适应性有显著影响。儿童自身因素中，男女学生的性别对学习适应性有影响，男生的学习适应性低于女生。 本研究认为，石景山区J小学和一年级新生家长应重视新生出现的学习适应性问题，从学校、教师和家庭层面进行改进：建立和谐的师生关系，帮助学生建立良好的同伴关系，营造优美舒适的学校环境；营造温馨的家庭氛围，建立融洽的亲子关系。家校形成合力，共同帮助儿童顺利从幼儿园过渡到小学的学习生活。

Children are the hope of the future of mankind, and the healthy development of children is vital. As the first stage of school education for children, the first grade is an important period in children's learning career. Families and schools will benefit children's later learning if they are well prepared to enter the first grade of primary school, reduce the phenomenon of inadaptability and reduce the gradient of children's enrollment. On the basis of previous studies, the author understands the present situation of the freshmen's learning adaptability, analyzes the related factors affecting the learning adaptability, and puts forward the countermeasures to improve the learning adaptability. In this study, a total of 714 questionnaires were distributed to the freshmen in the first grade of J Primary School in Shijingshan District, Beijing, and a total of 714 questionnaires were distributed to them, and 19 teachers in the J Primary School were selected as the subjects of the study, and 12 teachers in the J Primary School were selected as the subjects of the study. 36 parents were interviewed. Through the investigation and analysis of learning adaptability, the related factors affecting learning adaptability are discussed, and the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Most of the freshmen in the first grade of primary school have good learning adaptability, but there are still some problems: the situation of "three directions" is not ideal and lack of good study habits; students are less active in asking teachers' questions after class, and their interest in study is not high enough; Lack of good listening habits, insufficient concentration, etc. 2. School factors, family factors and children's own factors are related to the first-year freshmen's learning adaptability. Among the school factors, teacher-student relationship, peer relationship and school environment were significantly correlated with freshmen's learning adaptability. Among the family factors, family atmosphere and parent-child relationship had significant correlation with freshmen's learning adaptability, and parents' education had significant influence on freshmen's learning adaptability. Among the children's own factors, the gender of male and female students has an effect on learning adaptability, and the learning adaptability of boys is lower than that of girls. This study suggests that the parents of the first grade pupil in Shijingshan J primary school and the first grade should pay attention to the new students' learning adaptability problems and improve them from the school, teacher and family levels: to establish a harmonious relationship between teachers and students and to help students to establish a good peer relationship; Create a beautiful and comfortable school environment; Create a warm family atmosphere and establish a harmonious parent-child relationship. Family and school form a joint effort to help children smoothly transition from kindergarten to primary school learning life.