赴日宋商之研究摘 要本文以宋日外交关系以及宋日各自所处的社会经济发展阶段为背景，运用中日两国的文献资料和考古发掘资料，对赴日宋商群体进行了深入研究。本文考察了赴日宋商利用的航路、港口和宋朝的市舶制度，对宋朝市舶机构设立的时间、地点进行了详细考证。赴日宋商利用的主要港口是明州港、杭州港，但是定海港、澉浦港作为它们的附属港或门户港也很重要；介绍了北宋用来管理海商的“市舶法”。以列表方式呈现了赴日宋商的规模和出生地。来自两浙路者人数最多，其次是福建路，再其次是广南路。论述了宋朝政府和明州市舶司对赴日宋商的管理，从造船和航海技术角度切入，揭示了所谓“倭商”实为华侨商人。详细记述了赴日宋商交易的商品及商品用途等，对其中一些商品如硫磺等的用途进行了深入考察，阐述了陶瓷外销日本以及南宋“钱荒”与“倭好铜钱”的关系，对宋商获利情况作了分析。通过对宋商李充所持“公凭”的考订分析了宋商的船队组织、市舶条法、纲法等。考察了日本对宋商的管理制度和日本大宰府接待宋商的程序。日本用“年纪制”控制宋商频繁前来交易。论述了宋商在日本的生存状态、不幸遭遇、结交权贵、势力联姻、加入日籍之目的等情况。宋商经历了从鸿胪馆贸易到博多贸易，“岸边贸易”到“住蕃贸易”再到“权门贸易”的转变过程，其间还存在走私贸易。对赴日宋商宁海周氏家族作了个案研究，展示了其家世及其后人的情况，介绍了博多纲首谢国明的事迹，继而分析了宋商的价值取向。论述了赴日宋商的祭海祈风，探讨了赴日宋商的信仰世界。作为本文的结论，总结了赴日宋商的贸易活动对宋日两国作出的杰出贡献和对两国经济生活和社会文化生活产生的深刻影响，对赴日宋商的历史作用和历史地位作出了中肯的评价。关键词：赴日宋商；管理制度；贸易活动；生存状况；人际网络；价值取向

A Study on the Song 宋 (960-1279) Merchant Heading to JapanAbstractDuring the Song period, the merchant of Song became a leading role in the world maritime trade. The Song merchant heading to Japan occupies an extremely important position not only in Song-Japanese trade, but also in the history of East Asian trade. Based on paper documents and archaeological evidences from both China and Japan, this paper will conduct an in-depth research on the Song merchant engaging in business between Song and Japan by focusing on the following aspects. Firstly, this paper will examine the sea route and the trade ports used by the Song merchant, as well as the Maritime Trade Regulations established by the Song government. The major ports used by the Song merchant are Mingzhou 明州 and Hangzhou 杭州. Meanwhile, Dinghai 定海 and Ganpu 澉浦 are also very important as auxiliary port or gateway port. Secondly, this paper will do an examination on the amount, origin and identity of the Song merchant. A statistical analysis will be applied when analyzing the 120 merchants whose name has been recorded, among whom around 60 are either caravan leaders 纲首 or deputy leaders. I will come up with a new explanation on the term woshang 倭商， who in my opinion are actually overseas Chinese merchants. In addition to that, I will analyze the way in which the Song government manages the merchant by centering on the Maritime Trade Supervisorate 市舶司of Mingzhou 明州.Thirdly, I will examine the commodities exchanged in Song-Japanese trade, including the type of the commodities and their usage. After that, I will examine the profit made by the Song merchant. At the end of this part, special attention will be put on the exportation of porcelain and the flow of copper money from Song to Japan. Fourthly, through a case study of the official certificate 公凭 held by a Song Merchant, Li Chong 李充, this paper will examine the organizing and managing regulations for the Song merchant fleet.Fifthly, this paper will show how the Japanese government manages and receives Song merchants. The Song merchant’s business activities in Japan experienced different phases, such as the period of Hongluguan Trade 鸿胪馆贸易, Hakata trade 博多贸易， Coastal trade 岸边贸易, Zhufan trade 住蕃贸易, Quanmen trade 权门贸易, and so on.Sixthly, this paper will examine the living conditions of the Song merchant in Japan. Some merchants become criminals, some try to make friends with local powerful and influential persons, while some get married with local women. In this part, I will conduct a case study on the Zhou 周 family, which is a merchant family engaging in business between Song and Japan in Ninghai 宁海. By analyzing the example of Zhou family, I hope to draw a conclusion to the value orientation of the Song merchant.Finally, this paper will analyze the contribution of the business activities of the Song merchant to local economy, society and culture, and evaluate the position of the Song merchant in history.Key word: Song merchant; Song-Japan trade; Regulation; Living Conditions; Social network; Value orientation