乡土文学作为中国文学的重要分支，长久以来以男性文化视阈为主导。在1980年代以来，重登文学舞台的女性乡土文学在时代变革中迅速发展壮大，以鲜明的女性视角展现乡土社会的纷繁样貌，从社会性别意识出发塑造新的女性主体，成为中国乡土文学不可忽视的重要力量。本文关注1980年代以来女性乡土文学叙事的发展与嬗变，从社会性别意识的彰显与形式美学的变革两方面观照女作家对于女性乡土经验的书写，侧重在文本与社会的互动中考察乡村女性主体意识的生成，进而发现女性乡土文学叙事的向度与限度，以及女性乡土文学对于传统乡土文学的创新和发展。

在1980年代以来的中国社会，“流动的现代性”深刻改变了乡村女性的命运，女作家们在这一时期的乡土叙事中塑造了新的女性主体，写下了她们对于新乡村生活的发现。从女性形象来看，女性乡土文学从乡村日常生活出发，塑造了成长中的少女、婚姻关系中的妻子和家庭生活中的母亲、祖母、婆婆等家长形象，在形象塑造的变迁中强调女性情谊的建立与女性性别意识的觉醒，也从中揭示了传统伦理观念与传统性别秩序对于女性的束缚。从女性作为劳动者的生活叙事来看，乡村女性在劳动叙事中从家庭走向社会，她们在劳动角色转变过程中的心理嬗变得到呈现。从家国叙事下的生存暴力到日常生活中的污名化，女性乡土文学中的暴力叙事经历了从国族到家庭的转向，乡村女性面临的暴力逐渐日常化和多样化。在城乡叙事中，女性乡土文学从火车意象的嬗变出发，写下了乡村女性在城市的他者化境遇，以及她们返乡遭遇的认同困境，从而揭示了城乡迁移者在城市化进程中的生存困境。在新农村建设和新媒介广泛运用的时代背景下，女性乡土文学着重展现新媒介对于乡村女性日常生活的改变和自我价值的彰显，通过描绘她们在乡村建设中的重要角色与审美创造力，强调乡村建设进程中的女性力量，勾勒出乡土社会在新时代展现的新景象。

女性乡土文学在发展过程中呈现出叙事文体上的变革，这以非虚构女性返乡书写的出现为代表，作品以多声部的叙述和写作者主体意识的介入丰富了乡土文学的叙述立场和视角，但部分作品在写作姿态与人文关怀等方面存在局限。女性乡土文学在审美形式的建构中呈现出美学风格的嬗变，在继承抒情传统和世情小说传统的同时融合了节气民俗与方言俚语，显示出对传统美学和民间性的开掘，通过碎片化的叙述和群像塑造对日常生活进行散点化透视，并在视角的转变和“在场”的写作中呈现出现实主义倾向。关注和呈现乡村女性精神主体性的生成，是1980年代以来女性乡土文学在整体发展过程中所取得的重要收获。作品中的乡村女性面对情感表现出由意识觉醒到主动表达的探索过程；传统乡土文学中沦为失语者的留守女性和“灰色女性”在女作家笔下逐渐成为叙述主体，进行自我言说；乡村女性在“去他者化”的书写中逐渐构建自我认同，作家们在写作中突出她们的价值转向和自我认同的重塑过程。

1980年代以来，女性乡土文学通过对乡村日常生活的深入洞察和乡村女性的主体性表达，为中国乡土文学注入了逐渐鲜明的女性意识和渐趋多样的女性声音。在今天，女性乡土文学在当代文学界的影响力日益凸显，发展为中国乡土文学史上不可忽视的力量。本文通过整体展现女性乡土文学叙事在性别意识、现实观照与审美表达上的丰富面向，不仅为女性文学研究提供了更丰富的视角，也有助于呈现女性乡土文学在乡土文学发展脉络中的独特性和生长性。

As an important branch of Chinese literature, rural literature has long been dominated by a male cultural perspective. Since the 1980s, rural literature by women, which re-emerged on the literary stage, has rapidly grown and developed amidst societal changes. It showcases the complex facets of rural society through a distinct female lens, forging new female subjects from a gender-conscious standpoint, thereby becoming an indispensable force in Chinese rural literature. This article focuses on the evolution and transformation of the narrative of women's rural literature since the 1980s, examining how female authors depict women's rural experiences from the dual aspects of the prominence of gender consciousness and the transformation of formal aesthetics. It emphasizes the emergence of rural women's subjectivity within the interplay of text and society, exploring the dimensions and limitations of women's rural literary narratives, as well as their innovation and development in traditional rural literature.

In Chinese society since the 1980s, "fluid modernity" has profoundly altered the destinies of rural women. Female authors have created new female subjects in their rural narratives of this period, documenting their discoveries of new rural life. In terms of female imagery, rural literature by women starts from everyday rural life. It has shaped the image of a growing girl, a wife in a marriage relationship and a mother, grandmother, mother-in-law and other parents in family life. Emphasizing the establishment of female friendships and the awakening of female gender consciousness, while also revealing the constraints on women imposed by traditional ethical concepts and gender orders. Regarding the life narratives of women as laborers, rural women transition from the home to society in labor narratives, with their psychological changes during the transformation of labor roles being depicted. From the survival violence under the national narrative to the stigmatization in daily life, the narratives of violence in women's rural literature have shifted from the national to the familial, with the violence faced by rural women becoming increasingly normalized and diversified. In urban-rural narratives, women's rural literature, starting from the transformation of the train imagery, records the otherness rural women encounter in cities and the identity dilemmas they face upon returning home, thereby revealing the survival predicaments of urban-rural migrants in the process of urbanization. Against the backdrop of new rural construction and the widespread use of new media, women's rural literature highlights the changes in rural women's daily lives brought about by new media and the manifestation of their self-worth, portraying their significant roles and aesthetic creativity in rural construction, and outlining the new vistas of rural society in the new era.

Women’s rural literature has undergone a transformation in narrative style during its development, represented by the emergence of non-fictional women's narratives of returning to their hometowns. These works enrich the narrative positions and perspectives of rural literature with multi-vocal narration and the intervention of the author's subjective consciousness. However, some works have limitations in terms of writing posture and humanistic care. In the construction of aesthetic form, women's rural literature has undergone a transformation of aesthetic style, integrating solar terms and folk customs, as well as dialects and colloquial language, while inheriting the traditions of lyricism and worldly novels. This shows an exploration of traditional aesthetics and folk nature. Through fragmented narration and collective character portrayal, it provides a scattered perspective on everyday life and presents a realistic tendency in the shift of perspective and the writing of "presence". The focus and presentation of the formation of the spiritual subjectivity of rural women is an important achievement of female rural literature since the 1980s in the overall development process. In the works, rural women face emotions and show a process of exploration from consciousness awakening to active expression; the left-behind women and "gray women" who became voiceless in traditional rural literature gradually become the subjects of the narrative and speak for themselves under the pens of female writers; rural women gradually build up their self-identity in the writing of "de-otherization", and the writers highlight their value orientation and the reshaping process of self-identity.

Since the 1980s, women's rural literature has injected a gradually distinct female consciousness and increasingly diverse female voices into Chinese rural literature through in-depth insights into rural daily life and the expression of rural women's subjectivity. Today, the influence of women's rural literature in the contemporary literary world is increasingly prominent, developing into an unignorable force in the history of Chinese rural literature. This article, by comprehensively presenting the rich dimensions of women's rural literary narratives in terms of gender consciousness, realistic reflection, and aesthetic expression, not only provides a richer perspective for the study of women's literature but also helps to present the uniqueness and growth of women's rural literature in the development context of rural literature.