社会上的性别不平等现象与性别在受教育机会上的不均等密切相关。教育在一个人取得职业成就的过程中和促进社会成员构成的分化中变得越来越重要，教育已经成为促进社会分层一个重要的因素。学生经由教育进入不同的职业阶层，而不同职业阶层所形成的收入、地位和职业声望的差异正在加大。本文是对我国目前普遍存在的高中文理科学生性别差异现象的研究。本研究选取山东省沂水县二中作为研究对象，对高中文理分科出现的性别差异现象进行实证研究。首先，对农村高中文理科学生性别差异现状与文理分科机制的描述。通过访谈法和问卷法等获得第一手资料，论文对高中文理科学生性别差异进行了描述，主要包括：文科与理科班级分布；文科班分科前后男女性别比差异；理科班分科前后男女性别差异。还有对文理分科与分科机制进行描述与分析。其次，文理分科性别差异的理论分析。论文运用布迪厄的实践社会学理论和社会建构论等相关理论对文理分科的性别差异的建构进行了分析。主要有三个方面的内容：文化对文理科学生性别差异的建构；学校对于文理学生性别差异的建构；国家政策对文理科性别差异的影响。最后，对高中文理学生性别差异的进一步反思。高中文理学习的性别差异会影响到不同性别学生的大学专业选择和社会就业选择，在一定程度上造成了男女职业生涯起点的不平等。

There is close relationship between the social gender inequality and the inequality of gender educational opportunity. Education is more and more important in the course of occupation success and differentiation of social members. Education is an important factor of social stratification. Students become members of different occupation stratification by education. The differences of income, social status and occupational prestige in different occupation stratification are becoming larger. The paper’s topic is research on common gender differences of liberal arts and science in rural high schools at present. I choose Yishui No.2 middle school in Shandong Province as a research object. So I investigate gender differences of liberal arts and science in rural middle schools with positive method.First, I show the present situation of gender differences of liberal arts and science in rural high schools, and the dynamics of liberal arts and science, through information by interviewing and questionnaire investigation. It mainly includes: the number of liberal arts and science classes, the differences of sex ratio before and after liberal arts and science. And I describe the dynamics of liberal arts and science.Secondly, I exert Bourdieu's practical sociology theory and social construction theory to analysis gender differences of liberal arts and science. It includes three aspects: the construction of gender differences of liberal arts and science by culture, school and country policy.At last, I make a reflection on the construction of gender differences of liberal arts and science. The gender differences will influence on the choices of college majors and social work of different gender students. It causes the inequality of career beginning of man and woman to some extent.