在安全形势发生重大变化的背景下，诸多国家开始采取与贸易相关的网络安全措施。此类措施或限制产品的采购与使用，或限制产品的进口，或限制企业的活动，因而对双多边贸易造成一定的负面影响。就网络安全措施在WTO体系中的合规性而言，首先，其通常会因歧视特定国家、限制进出口而违反包括最惠国待遇原则、国民待遇原则和普遍取消数量限制原则在内的WTO原则。然而，旨在实现国家主权与贸易自由之间的平衡的WTO安全例外条款的存在却为网络安全措施的合法化提供了路径。就相关措施是否可以符合该条款的客观判断要件而言，成员国所面临的网络攻击或网络安全威胁可以在满足特定条件时构成该要件所列举的“战争”或“国际关系中的其他紧急情况”。就相关措施是否可以符合安全例外条款的主观判断要件而言，各方普遍认同网络安全可被视为基本安全利益，但成员国需遵循善意原则、履行说明义务、并证明其措施能够通过合理性要求检验。总之，由于网络安全措施的合规性不明，中国应当审慎实施此类措施，并积极推动与网络安全相关的WTO体系和安全例外条款的合理变革。

Against the backdrop of significant changes in the security situation, various States have begun to adopt trade-related cybersecurity measures. Such measures either restrict the procurement and use of products, the import of products or the activities of enterprises, and thus impose certain negative impacts on bilateral and multilateral trade. In terms of compliance of cybersecurity measures under WTO system, above all, they usually violate WTO principles, including the most-favored-nation principle, the national treatment principle, and the principle of general elimination of quantitative restrictions, by discriminating against specific countries and restricting imports and exports. Nevertheless, the existence of the WTO security exception clause, which aims to achieve a balance between national sovereignty and trade freedom, provides a path for the legalization of cybersecurity measures. In terms of whether the relevant measures can meet the objective elements of the clause, the cyberattacks or cybersecurity threats faced by Member States could constitute “war” or “other emergency in international relations” enumerated by the objective element when specific conditions are satisfied. As to whether the relevant measures can meet the subjective elements of the security exception clause, it is generally acknowledged that cybersecurity can be regarded as an essential security interest, but Member States are meanwhile required to comply with the good faith principle, fulfill the obligation to elaborate and prove that their measures can pass the test of plausibility. In conclusion, due to the uncertainty of the legality of cybersecurity measures, China should be prudent in implementing such measures and actively promote reasonable reforms of the WTO system and the security exception clause related to cybersecurity.