干部学校是中国共产党教育培养领导干部的主渠道和主阵地。全民族抗战时期，中国共产党在延安先后创办了各种类型、多种层次的干部学校，对干部学校教育进行了卓有成效的理论和实践创新，创造和积累了干部学校教育的许多宝贵经验。回顾全民族抗战时期党在延安创办干部学校教育的实践，并进行经验总结和理论提升，对新时代加强和改进干部学校教育工作具有重要意义。

全民族抗战时期，延安干部学校教育的创办有着广泛而深厚的历史和时代背景。中国共产党成立以来干部学校教育的经验积累，为延安干部学校教育的开展奠定了历史基础；全民族抗战爆发后，领导抗日救亡、加强自身建设、改善教育环境、改造知识分子，是中国共产党面临的多重现实诉求，也是延安干部学校教育面临的严峻形势；同时，陕甘宁边区相对和平稳定的环境、以毛泽东同志为核心的中央领导集体的形成，以及党中央对干部学校教育的高度重视，为延安干部学校教育创造了有利的主客观条件。

从时间脉络看，全民族抗战时期延安干部学校教育的发展，经历了短训班的迅猛发展、“正规化”的办学取向和干部学校教育的整顿提高三个历史阶段，每个阶段都有其独有的特征和取得的成效，依次衔接，呈现出干部学校教育发展的连续性和走向成熟的趋向。

全民族抗战时期，以毛泽东同志为核心的中央领导集体从中国革命实际出发，逐步确立了干部学校教育的方针原则：一是坚持“干部教育第一”、造就抗日救国先锋、致力于抗日战争和边区各项建设事业的教育方针；二是坚持理论联系实际、教育与生产劳动相结合、“少而精”、循序渐进的教育原则。将教育与革命战争相结合、与生产劳动相结合，为延安干部学校教育的发展提供了基本遵循。

全民族抗战时期，延安干部学校教育具有丰富内容、特定方法和广泛载体。内容的丰富性表现在五个方面：一是学习马列主义以解决“本领恐慌”，二是强化历史修养以提高民族意识，三是增强党性教育以提升政治素质，四是加强军事训练以提高前线作战能力，五是兼顾科学文化教育以增强综合素质；教育方法主要有：重视在生产劳动中学习和锻炼，提倡自学为主、集体学习为辅，运用批评与自我批评这一武器，充分发挥典型示范的导向作用等；教育载体重点依托“七分政治、三分军事”的课程体系，重点突出、形式多样的教材和以整风文献为重点的文件。

在教育管理机制方面，延安干部学校探索建立了一整套行之有效的运行体系，从采取党政合一的领导体制，到建设专兼并进、思想业务并重、考核评价并举的高素质教员队伍，从创新招生管理制度、建立有效的学员组织管理体系、实行严格军事化管理的学员管理制度，到规范教学业务，干部学校教育的规范有效运行得到了制度保障。

全民族抗战时期，延安干部学校教育经过发展、整顿、提升，取得了一系列重要成就，成为培养锻炼革命干部的大熔炉，形成了实事求是的办学精神以及发挥着政治部门的功能作用等。延安干部学校教育的成功实践留下了可资借鉴的历史经验，包括突出政治教育是学校工作的中心环节，坚持为党的中心任务服务的办学方向，重视对优良作风的培养与锻炼，注重民生与效率兼顾的科学管理。全民族抗战时期延安干部学校教育为新时代干部学校教育工作提供了现实启示，即干部学校教育工作要坚持党的领导、坚持马克思主义指导和坚持高质量办学标准。

Cadre schools are the main channel and battleground for the education and training of leading cadres by the Communist Party of China (CPC). Throughout the period of the national struggle against Japanese aggression, the CPC established various types and levels of cadre schools in Yan’an, achieving significant theoretical and practical innovations in cadre school education and accumulating valuable experiences. Reviewing the practice of cadre school education established by the Party in Yan’an, summarizing experiences, and enhancing theoretical understanding is of great significance for strengthening and improving cadre school education in the new era.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression by the whole nation, the establishment of cadre school education in Yan’an was deeply rooted in broad historical and contemporary contexts. The accumulated experience of cadre school education since the founding of the CPC laid a historical foundation for the development of cadre education in Yan’an. The outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression posed multiple demands on the CPC, including leading the resistance against Japan, strengthening its own construction, improving the educational environment, and transforming intellectuals, which created a challenging situation for cadre school education in Yan’an. At the same time, the relatively peaceful and stable environment in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the formation of the central leadership collective with Comrade Mao Zedong as its core, and the high attention paid by the Party Central Committee to cadre school education created favorable conditions for the development of cadre education in Yan’an.

In terms of chronological development, the development of cadre school education in Yan’an during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression by the whole nation went through three historical stages: rapid development of short-term training courses, the orientation towards regularization, and the rectification and improvement of cadre school education. Each stage had its unique characteristics and achievements, forming a continuum and trend towards maturity in the development of cadre school education.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression by the whole nation, the central leadership collective with Comrade Mao Zedong as its core gradually established the guiding principles for cadre school education based on the practical needs of the Chinese revolution: first, adhering to the educational policy of “cadre education first,” nurturing vanguards for the resistance against Japan, and dedicating to the education of the Anti-Japanese War and the construction of the border areas; second, adhering to the principles of integrating theory with practice, combining education with productive labor, focusing on quality rather than quantity, and progressing gradually. The integration of education with revolutionary war and productive labor provided a basic guideline for the development of cadre school education in Yan’an.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression by the whole nation, cadre education in Yan’an had rich content, specific methods, and diverse carriers. The richness of content manifested in five aspects: studying Marxism-Leninism to overcome “skills panic,” strengthening historical cultivation to enhance national consciousness, enhancing Party spirit education to improve political qualities, strengthening military training to enhance frontline combat capabilities, and balancing scientific and cultural education to enhance comprehensive qualities. The educational methods mainly included emphasizing learning and training in productive labor, advocating self-study with collective learning as assistance, using criticism and self-criticism as weapons, and fully leveraging the guiding role of typical examples. The carriers of education mainly relied on the curriculum system of “70% political education, 30% military education,” emphasized key points, and included various forms of textbooks and documents focusing on rectification.

In terms of educational management mechanisms, Yan’an cadre schools explored and established an effective operating system. This included adopting a leadership system integrating the Party and government, constructing a high-quality faculty team emphasizing both specialization and versatility, innovating enrollment management systems, establishing effective student organizational management systems, implementing strict military management systems for students, and standardizing teaching and administrative affairs, providing institutional guarantees for the normative and effective operation of cadre school education.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression by the whole nation, through development, rectification, and improvement, cadre education in Yan’an achieved a series of important accomplishments, becoming a crucible for training and tempering revolutionary cadres, and forming a pragmatic spirit of education as well as fulfilling political functions. The successful practices of cadre education in Yan’an left historical experiences worth emulating, including highlighting political education as the central link of school work, adhering to the direction of serving the central tasks of the Party, attaching importance to the cultivation and training of good conduct, and emphasizing scientific management that balances people’s livelihoods and efficiency. The cadre education in Yan’an during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression provides practical enlightenment for cadre school education in the new era, emphasizing the adherence to Party leadership, Marxist guidance, and high-quality educational standards.