疟疾是民国时期海南最严重的地方流行病，通过考察疟疾诊疗及民众心态，有助于历史地认识该地社会发展状况。本文在简述民国时期海南疟疾传播概况及地方性特点的基础上，分别探讨中医与西医应对疟疾的方式及其反映出的民众心态。

首先，本文重视中医内部发展的霄壤之别。民国时期海南中医呈现“西、草、巫”相结合的样态，即在经济发达地区，中医院和中西医结合药物已获得民众接受；而在广大的其他地区，以民俗信仰为其提供合理性支撑的巫医，以及未经系统训练的中草医，仍是民众的首选。中医是整个海南传统社会的地理、民俗、信仰、生活方式等因素共同作用的产物，民众对中医的信任和依赖，是在与其长久共存的基础上产生的，非一夕之积累，也非一日能折损。

然而不得不承认，西医的到来为灭疟带来了希望的曙光。民国海南西医注重病因溯源，对因下药，具有很大发展潜力，但传播群体精英化，传播规模小。这与北京、上海等地西医展现出的强大冲击力和影响力迥然不同，但却能够体现内陆地区医学发展的真实状态，也能够解释民国时期“反中医”思潮的迅速破产，以及中医亘古亘今的生命力所在。

Malaria was the most serious endemic disease in Hainan during the Republican period, and it is a good entry point for examining the social development of the area to do a research on malaria treatment and the mindset of the population. After a brief overview of the spatial and temporal characteristics of malaria transmission in Hainan, this paper mainly discusses the ways in which Chinese and Western doctors responded to malaria and the mindset of the people reflected in them.

First of all, this paper focuses on the vast differences in the internal development of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Hainan TCM during the Republic of China showed a combination of "western, herbal and witch", which means, in economically developed areas, Chinese hospitals and Chinese and Western medicine were accepted by the public; while in other areas, witch doctors who were justified by folk beliefs, and herbalists who were not systematically trained, were still the first choice of the public. Hainan TCM was the product of the geography, folklore, faith and labor of the whole traditional society. People's trust and dependence on TCM was generated on the basis of long-term coexistence with it, which were not established in a day, nor can they be destroyed in a day.

However, it must be admitted that the arrival of Western medicine had brought hope for the elimination of malaria. During the Republican period, Western medicine in Hainan focused on finding out the cause of the disease and administering drugs to different causes, which had great potential for development, but the group of dissemination was elite and the scale was small. Unlike Western medicine in developed regions such as Beijing and Shanghai, the impact and influence of Western medicine in Hainan was small. However, the development of medicine in Hainan was more representative of the real state of the vast Chinese interior, and could better explain the rapid bankruptcy of the anti-TCM trend in the Republican period, as well as the vitality of Chinese medicine through the ages.