作业作为教学的重要组成部分，在帮助学生转变学习方式、促进教师提升教学水平、推动学校提高教育教学质量等方面发挥着重要作用。但是，一些中小学生的作业存在数量过多、质量不高、功能异化的问题，作业逐渐成为学生学业负担加重的原因，影响着教学质量和学习效果。因此，作业成为了义务教育中亟需变革的领域。2021年7月出台的《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》中对作业的管理机制、作业的数量与质量、作业的完成指导等方面提出了全方位、多层次的要求。2022年4月，教育部发布的《义务教育道德与法治课程标准（2022年版）》中也对作业的目标、作业的形式、作业的难度和数量、作业的评价方式等方面进行着具体的要求。为了减轻学生的作业负担，转变教育教学方式，促进中学生全面发展，推进素质教育，落实立德树人根本任务，提高初中道德与法治作业质量成为重要的研究课题。

本研究按照“分析时代背景—探寻理论依据—开展现状调查—提出优化策略—提供案例示范”的研究思路展开。研究内容主要包含三个部分：第一部分梳理和界定了初中道德与法治作业的相关概念，结合研究背景深度挖掘对初中道德与法治作业进行优化的现实意义，并探寻到可以指导本研究的理论。第二部分通过问卷调查和访谈调查了解当前初中道德与法治作业的总体现状，发现初中道德与法治作业存在着一些问题，主要是过于强调知识、缺乏素养导向，忽视学生差异、缺乏有效指导，评价内容窄化、缺乏过程评价，忽视激励作用、缺乏反馈交流，并在此基础上剖析问题形成的原因。第三部分针对上述问题，结合实际对初中道德与法治作业的设计、实施、评价与反馈三个环节提出优化策略。具体而言，在作业设计环节，从作业目标、作业类型、作业内容三个方面出发提高作业设计的质量；在作业实施环节，对作业的布置、作业完成情况的掌握、作业的指导进行优化，以提高学生完成作业的质量；在作业评价与反馈环节，对作业的评价目标、评价内容、评价方式、评价主体、反馈时机等方面进行全面优化，从而提高作业评价的科学性、专业性、客观性，发挥作业反馈的激励和引导功能。为了使优化策略有效落地，本文在每一环节的策略后面提供了案例示范，并加以阐述和说明，以增强优化策略的可操作性，易于一线教师们在实践中理解和运用，切实提高初中道德与法治作业质量。

Homework, as an important component of teaching, plays an important role in helping students change their learning methods, promoting teachers to improve their teaching level, and promoting schools to improve the quality of education and teaching. However, some primary and secondary school students' homework has problems of excessive quantity, low quality, and functional alienation, gradually becoming a cause of increased academic burden on students, affecting the quality of teaching and learning outcomes. Therefore, homework has become an urgent area for change in compulsory education. In July 2021, the "Opinions on Further Reducing the Homework Burden and Off campus Training Burden of Students in Compulsory Education" proposed comprehensive and multi-level requirements for homework management mechanisms, homework quantity and quality, and homework completion guidance. In April 2022, the Ministry of Education issued the "Curriculum Standards for Ethics and Rule of Law in Compulsory Education (2022 Edition)", which also has specific requirements for the objectives, form, difficulty and quantity of homework, and evaluation methods of homework. In order to reduce students' homework burden, transform education and teaching methods, promote the comprehensive development of middle school students, promote quality education, implement the fundamental task of cultivating morality and the rule of law, improving the quality of middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework, it has become an important research topic.

This study follows the research approach of "Analyze the background of the times - Explore theoretical basis - Conduct current situation investigation - Propose optimization strategies - Provide case demonstrations". The research content mainly consists of three parts: In the first part, the relevant concepts of middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework were summarized and defined. Based on the research background, the practical significance of optimizing middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework was deeply explored, and the theoretical basis that can guide this study was explored. In the second part, the overall situation of middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework was understood through questionnaire and interview surveys. It was found that there are some problems with middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework, mainly emphasizing knowledge excessively, lacking literacy guidance, neglecting student differences, lacking effective guidance, narrowing evaluation content, lacking process evaluation, neglecting motivation, and lacking feedback and communication. And on this basis, analyze the reasons for the formation of the problem. In the third part, in response to the above issues, optimization strategies are proposed for the design, implementation, evaluation, and feedback of middle school moral and rule of law assignments based on actual situations. Specifically, in the homework design process, we should improve the quality of homework design from three aspects: homework objectives, homework types, and homework content. In the implementation phase of homework, optimize the assignment, mastery of homework completion status, and guidance to improve the quality of students' homework completion. In the process of homework evaluation and feedback, comprehensive optimization is carried out on the evaluation objectives, evaluation content, evaluation methods, evaluation subjects, and feedback timing of homework, in order to improve the scientificity, professionalism, and objectivity of homework evaluation, and to leverage the incentive and guidance functions of homework feedback. In order to effectively implement the optimization strategy, this article provides case studies and explanations after the strategies in each link, in order to enhance the operability of the optimization strategy, make it easy for frontline teachers to understand and apply in practice, and effectively improve the quality of middle school Ethics and Rule of Law homework.