在我国，农村最低生活保障制度（简称农村低保）自2007年全面实施以来，已经成为我国最重要的社会救助政策之一，在保障农村贫困居民基本生活水平方面起到了重要作用，近年来更是成为我国精准扶贫战略的重要“兜底”政策。社区瞄准（Community-Based Targeting）作为农村低保项目实施过程中的关键环节，对低保资源能否被精准地分配给贫困家庭起着重要作用。在全球范围内，社区瞄准机制也被广泛应用于发展中国家的各类社会救助项目，帮助政策制定者和项目管理者在预算约束的前提下，将更多的社会救助资源分配给更需要救助的人群。社区瞄准在应用过程中一方面具有明显的信息优势和成本优势，但另一方面也可能存在腐败和精英控制等现象从而影响瞄准效果。无论是在我国农村低保项目的实践中，还是在许多其他发展中国家的各类社会救助项目的应用中，社区瞄准机制的瞄准效果都呈现出较大的差异。目前学术界对社区瞄准的案例研究不胜枚举，但对于社区瞄准机制的瞄准效果却始终未形成统一结论。因此，有必要对现有文献进行梳理，对社区瞄准的真实瞄准效果及其影响因素进行全面综合分析，科学认识社区瞄准在社会救助资源分配过程中的作用和效果。 本文应用系统评价（Systematic Review）方法，利用关键词在Elsevier(ScienceDirect)、JSTOR、Wiley Online Library、EBSCO、SpringerLink以及知网（CNKI）、维普（VIP）等中英文数据库进行电子检索，并根据事先制定的纳入和排除标准纳入国内外关于社区瞄准效果评估的实证研究，提取与社区瞄准相关的项目信息、瞄准效果信息和影响因素信息，使用挤出率、漏损率以及CGH指数（CGH Index）等多种指标对社区瞄准的瞄准效果进行综合对比分析，运用多元回归分析（OLS模型）和叙述综合（Narrative Synthesis）方法对提取的社区瞄准效果的影响因素进行整理归纳分析。 最终，43篇文献被纳入，涉及41个瞄准项目，系统评价研究发现：（1）社区瞄准机制广泛应用于食品援助、现金转移、教育支持等各类社会救助项目；在项目瞄准实施过程中，主要有两种瞄准模式：一是单独使用社区瞄准，二是社区瞄准与地理瞄准、代理家计调查等瞄准方法结合使用；社区原有的基层组织（包括社区官员和各类社区组织）是最常见的社区代理人；参与式财富排序（Participatory Wealth Ranking，PWR）和社区成员投票选取是最重要的两种项目受益人选取方法。（2）整体而言，社区瞄准能够较好的瞄准项目目标群体。相较于平均或随机分配，社区瞄准能够更加精准地将救助资源瞄准目标群体，更具成本效益优势。在不同瞄准方法比较中，除了家计调查之外，社区瞄准机制的瞄准效果高于其他瞄准方法，尤其是在发展中国家的各类农村社会救助项目中具有更好的瞄准效果和更大的瞄准优势。但社区瞄准在部分项目中也存在不同程度的纳入和排出错误，瞄准偏误不容忽视。（3）社区瞄准效果受到瞄准机制设计、基层行政管理体制和社区内部环境等多方面因素的影响。瞄准机制设计方面，清晰的资格标准、选择充分了解社区并与项目瞄准具有一致激励的代理人、使用参与式财富排序或投票决定方式、建立对瞄准过程的公开、监督和问责机制能够提高社区瞄准效果。行政管理体制方面，充足的项目配额、中央政府明确的瞄准规则和社区适度的自由裁量权的发挥有利于更好地瞄准目标对象。社区内部环境方面，相互了解的社区居民、高同质性和凝聚力以及完善的基层行政管理体系能够更好地发挥社区瞄准的效果。 基于上述研究结论，针对社区瞄准在社会救助项目中的应用，本文得出以下政策启示：（一），完善社区瞄准机制的设计能够有效减少瞄准偏误，并防止精英控制。（二），社区瞄准过程的执行对于项目的瞄准效果至关重要。（三），开展社区瞄准应对社区的环境条件进行适应性评估。

In China, the Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program (referred to as Rural Dibao) has become one of the most important social assistance policies since its full implementation in 2007. It has played an important role in ensuring the basic living standards of poor rural residents. In recent years, it has become an important "bottom-up" policy of precise poverty alleviation strategy in China. As a key segment in the implementation of the Rural Dibao Program, community-based targeting plays an important role in whether the assistance resources can be accurately allocated to poor families. Globally, community-based targeting have also been widely used in various social assistance programs in developing countries to help policy makers and program managers allocate more social assistance resources to people in greater need of assistance under budget constraints. On the one hand, community-based targeting has obvious information and cost advantages in the application process, but on the other hand, corruption and elite capture may also exist, thus affecting the targeting effect. Whether in the practice of the Rural Dibao Program in China or in the application of various social assistance program in many other developing countries, the targeting effect of community-based targeting shows great differences. At present, there are numerous cases of community-based targeting in academia, but there is no unified conclusion about the targeting effect of community-based targeting mechanism. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out the existing literature, comprehensively analyze the real targeting effect of community-based targeting and its influencing factors, and scientifically understand the role and effect of community-based targeting in the process of allocation of social assistance resources. In this paper, we use the method of Systematic Review to retrieve keywords in Chinese and English databases such as Elsevier (Science Direct), JSTOR, Wiley Online Library, EBSCO, SpringerLink and CNKI, VIP, etc. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria formulated in advance, the empirical research on community targeting effect evaluation at home and abroad is included. The information of project information, targeting effect information and influencing factors related to community targeting are extracted. The targeting effect of community targeting is comprehensively compared and analyzed by using multiple indicators such as undercoverage rate, leakage rate and CGH index, and use Narrative Synthesis method and OLS model to summarizes and analyses the influencing factors of the extracted community targeting effect. Finally, 43 papers were included, involving 41 targeting projects. Systematic review found that: (1) Community-based targeting is widely used in food aid, cash transfer, education support and other social assistance projects; in the process of project targeting implementation, there are two main targeting modes: one is to use community targeting alone, the other is to combine community targeting with orther targeting method such as geographical targeting or proxy means testing. The original local organizations (including community officials and all kinds of community organizations) are the most common community agents; Participatory Wealth Ranking (PWR) and community members'voting are the most important two methods to select project beneficiaries. (2) Overall, community-based targeting can better target the project target group. Compared with average or random allocation, community targeting can more accurately target assistance resources to target groups, and has more cost-effective advantages. In the comparison of different targeting methods, apart from means testing, the targeting effect of community targeting mechanism is higher than other targeting methods, especially in various rural social assistance projects in developing countries, which has better targeting effect and greater targeting advantage. However, there are also some inclusion and exclusion errors in some projects, which can not be ignored. (3) Community targeting effect is influenced by many factors, such as targeting mechanism design, local administrative system and community internal environment. In terms of targeting mechanism design, clear eligibility criteria, selection of agents who fully understand the community and have consistent incentives with project targeting, use of participatory wealth ranking or voting decisions, and establishment of an open, supervisory and accountable mechanism for targeting process can improve community-based targeting effect. In terms of administrative management system, adequate project quotas, clear targeting rules of the central government and appropriate discretion of the community are conducive to better targeting the target. In terms of the internal environment of the community, community residents with mutual understanding, high homogeneity and cohesion, as well as a sound local administrative management system can better play the effect of community targeting. Based on the above conclusions, in view of the application of community targeting in social assistance projects, this paper draws the following policy implications: (1) Improving the design of community targeting mechanism can effectively reduce targeting errors and prevent elite control. (2) The implementation of community targeting process is very important to the targeting effect of the project. (3) We should assess the adaptability of the community's environmental conditions before developing a community based targeting.