中学生容易陷入各种困境，如焦虑、抑郁、学业困难、失眠头痛以及社交障碍等，对幸福感产生了负面影响。家庭环境对个体的幸福感发展起着至关重要的作用，亲子依恋更是青少年幸福感的重要影响因素。然而，多数家庭中父亲的教育参与和陪伴孩子的比例偏低，实际上父亲作为青少年所有依恋关系中的“最重要他人”，在青少年的社会性情感、认知及交往行为发展过程中起着重要作用。现有研究大多聚焦于母亲依恋，对父亲依恋的探讨相对不足。此外，关于亲子依恋对孩子幸福感影响的研究也主要局限于心理幸福感领域，对认知维度、健康维度以及社会维度的幸福感的探讨尚显不足，更未深入探讨其中可能存在的性别差异。因此，本研究旨在探究父亲、母亲依恋对中学男女生幸福感的影响及其中的性别差异。研究将回答两大核心问题：首先，对于男孩和女孩来说，亲子依恋如何分类，是否存在性别差异，不同类别的亲子依恋又具有哪些特点，以及如何影响他们的幸福感；其次，在不安全型依恋的群体中，探究父母双方依恋的不一致对孩子幸福感的影响。
研究一的结果表明：一、父亲依恋水平普遍低于母亲依恋，不论是对男孩还是女孩，他们在与父亲的依恋程度上都低于母亲，这显示出父亲在亲子关系建立上的缺失。二、男孩和女孩的亲子依恋潜在类别存在差异，且不同类别的特征也有所不同。男孩的依恋类别包括安全型、普通型和不安全型。其中不安全型的特征是父母亲的依恋均较低，且母亲依恋显著高于父亲依恋；而女孩的依恋类别则主要为安全型和不安全型，其中不安全型的特征是父母亲的依恋水平均较低，且父亲依恋高于母亲。三、社会经济地位与亲子依恋类别存在显著关联，安全型亲子依恋的孩子的家庭社会经济地位相对较高，且安全型依恋的男孩和女孩与父亲共同居住的比例也较高。四、不同亲子依恋类别的孩子在幸福感上存在显著差异。拥有安全型亲子依恋的男孩和女孩在心理、认知、健康和社会等多个维度的幸福感都比不安全型依恋者更高。研究二的结果表明：一、对于不安全型依恋的女孩来说，当父母双方依恋都较高时，她们在心理幸福感、健康幸福感和社会幸福感方面表现更好。而对于男孩来说，父母依恋的一致性主要对他们的健康幸福感有积极影响。二、父母依恋的不一致性仅在女生的认知幸福感和社会幸福感维度上产生显著影响。以上研究结果说明父亲依恋和母亲依恋对于孩子的幸福感发展有着重要的作用，且在多数幸福感维度上是无法互相替代的。对此，本文为孩子、教师、家长提出以下建议：父母要增加教养投入行为，提高亲子依恋水平；孩子要表达情感需要，拓展获得幸福感的渠道；教师要关注学生情感需求，加强家校合作。

Middle school students are prone to various difficulties such as anxiety, depression, academic difficulties, insomnia, headaches, and social disorders, which have a negative impact on their sense of happiness. The family environment plays a crucial role in the development of an individual's sense of happiness, and parental attachment is an important factor affecting adolescents' sense of happiness. However, the proportion of fathers' educational participation and accompanying children in most families is low. In fact, fathers, as the most important person in all of a teenager's attachment relationships, play an important role in the social emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal behavioral development of adolescents. Most studies focus on maternal attachment, and there is relatively less discussion about paternal attachment. Furthermore, research on the impact of parental attachment on children's sense of happiness is mainly limited to psychological well-being, and there is still a lack of discussion on the cognitive dimension, health dimension, and social dimension of well-being, as well as the possible gender differences. Therefore, this study aims to explore the influence of father and mother attachment on the sense of happiness of middle school boys and girls and the gender differences therein. The study will answer two core questions: First, for boys and girls, how to classify parent-child attachment, whether there are gender differences, what are the characteristics of different types of parent-child attachment, and how do they affect their happiness? Secondly, in insecure attachment groups, we explore the impact of parental attachment inconsistency on children's happiness.
The results of study 1 show that: first, the father's attachment level is generally lower than the mother's attachment, no matter for boys or girls, their attachment degree to the father is lower than the mother, which shows the father's lack of parent-child relationship. Second, there are differences in the potential categories of parent-child attachment between boys and girls, and the characteristics of different categories are also different. Boys' attachment categories included secure, normal and insecure. The insecure type is characterized by low parental attachment, and the mother attachment is significantly higher than the father attachment; The attachment types of girls are mainly secure type and insecure type, and the insecure type is characterized by the low attachment level of parents, and the attachment level of father is higher than that of mother. Third, there is a significant correlation between socioeconomic status and parent-child attachment types. Children with secure parent-child attachment have relatively higher family socioeconomic status, and the proportion of boys and girls with secure attachment living with their fathers is also higher. Fourth, children with different parent-child attachment categories have significant differences in happiness. Boys and girls with secure attachment have higher happiness in psychological, cognitive, health and social dimensions than those with insecure attachment.
The results of study 2 show that: First, for insecure attachment girls, when both parents have high attachment, they perform better in psychological well-being, health well-being and social well-being. For boys, parental attachment consistency mainly had a positive impact on their well-being. Second, the inconsistency of parental attachment only has a significant impact on the cognitive well-being and social well-being of girls.
The above results indicate that paternal attachment and maternal attachment play an important role in the development of children's happiness, and can not be replaced in most dimensions of happiness. In this regard, this paper puts forward the following suggestions for children, teachers and parents: Parents should increase the behavior of parenting and improve the level of parent-child attachment; Children should express their emotional needs and expand the channels to obtain happiness; Teachers should pay attention to students' emotional needs and strengthen home-school cooperation.