父母教养方式是父母在抚养和教导孩子中展现的一种行为倾向，它对儿童心理健康、行为方式、社会责任感等多方面有着重要的影响。俄勒冈州父母管理训练（Parent Management Training–Oregon model，PMTO），以SIL（社会互动学习）为基础，用以培训2-18岁儿童父母以帮助有儿童行为问题的家庭，其对父母教养压力和父母教养方式的改善效果已在美国、挪威等多国进行验证，但目前在我国尚缺乏关于PMTO的实证干预研究。因此，本研究旨在验证父母管理训练（即PMTO）小组对于改善中国父母教育压力和教养方式的有效性及中介作用，对PMTO小组在中国的文化适应性问题进行探讨的同时也为我国家庭教育干预提供了证据支持和方向。

本研究执行时间为2019年11月至2020年4月。研究过程包括：招募、筛查、分组、干预、测量等主要环节。（1）招募：在北京市X小学全校范围内进行招募（共有161位家长进行报名）。（2）筛查：对自愿报名的家长进行筛查。筛查标准有：父母及儿童具有正常的语言表达和沟通能力、父母是否正在参加其他治疗活动等（最终141位家长参与研究）。（3）分组：采用密封的不透光顺序编号的信封法来进行随机化分组，最终确定研究干预组72人，对照组69人。（4）干预：对干预组家长开展PMTO小组，共10节内容。对照组在此期间等待（对照组的补偿干预在疫情期间最终以线上方式开展）。（5）测量：两组在干预前(T0)、干预后一个月(T1)及三个月后(T2)分别运用照料者愿望清单（Caregiver Wish List，CWL）测量父母教养方式、运用教养压力量表简版（Parenting Stress Index Short Form，PSI-SF）测量父母教养压力，但由于T2数据收集通过线上进行，流失率较高，故仅纳入T1数据。最终实际参与后测(T1)的人数为干预组62人，对照组52人。本研究采用完整个案分析法，仅将此114位全程参与干预和测量的被试纳入分析。

研究结果显示：（1）PMTO小组干预可以显著改善父母教养压力（Ftime×group(1,112)=4.43,p=0.038)），具体表现为PMTO干预组教养压力得分在时间与组别的交互效应上显著；（2）在教养方式上，PMTO小组干预对“父母教养方式总和”（F(1,112) time×group=9.92,p=0.002，F(1,112)time=6.25，p=0.014）及“制止不良行为”（F(1,112)time×group =4.38,p=0.039）两个维度有效，具体表现为PMTO小组对父母教养方式总和在时间与组别的交互效应上显著、时间主效应上显著，PMTO小组对教养方式中制止不良行为得分在时间与组别的效应上显著。（3）父母教养压力在PMTO小组干预和父母教养方式之间起完全中介作用，中介效应占比41.90%，且置信区间的上限和下限都不包括0。

本研究的局限：（1）样本量较小、存在同质化较强以及溢出效应的可能性；（2）没有针对父母教养方式和教养压力设置很明确的纳入标准；（3）研究对象的选取采用自愿报名的方式，可能存在样本代表性不强的问题 ；（4）对于各年级学生的家长开展的小组主题内容一致，内容针对性有待提高；（5）部分家长因缺席或者迟到不能连续性参与所有小组，一定程度上影响小组效果；（6）受疫情影响追踪数据通过线上进行收集，流失率较高，故只将后测数据纳入研究。

研究结论：（1）PMTO小组可以显著改善父母教养压力；（2）PMTO小组可以显著改善父母教养方式；（3）父母教养压力在PMTO小组干预和父母教养方式之间起完全中介作用，即PMTO小组干预通过影响父母教养压力来改善父母教养方式。

Parenting style is a kind of behavior pattern displayed by parents in the process of raising and educating their children. It has an important impact on children's mental health, behavior style, social responsibility and other aspects. Parent Management Training–Oregon model (PMTO) is based on Social Interactive Learning (SIL), used to train parents of children aged 2-18 to help families with children's behavioral problems. Its beneficial effects on parenting pressure and parenting style has been verified in the United States, Norway and other countries, but there is no empirical intervention research on PMTO in China. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness and mediating mechanism of PMTO group in improving Chinese parents' educational stress and parenting style. Exploring its cultural adaptability in China，while provides evidence support for family education in China.

The duration of this intervention study was from November 2019 to April 2020. The research process includes recruitment, screening, grouping, intervention and measurement. (1) Recruitment: recruitment was conducted in the whole school of X primary school in Beijing (161 parents signed up). (2) Screening: parents who voluntarily sign up are screened. The screening criteria were: parents and children have normal language expression and communication skills, whether parents are participating in other treatment activities, etc. (141 parents participated in the study). (3) Grouping: the sealed opaque sequential numbered envelope method was used for randomized grouping, and 72 patients in the intervention group and 69 patients in the control group were finally determined. (4) Intervention: the parents of the intervention group were given PMTO parent management training group, with a total of 10 sections. The control group waited during this period (the compensation intervention of the control group was carried out online at last during the epidemic period). (5) Measurement: before intervention (T0), one month after intervention (T1) and three months after intervention (T2), the two groups used Caregiver Wish List (CWL) to measure parenting style and used Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) to measure parental rearing pressure.However, T2 data were collected online and the loss rate was high, so only T1 data were included. The participants final number in the post test (T1) was 62 in the intervention group and 52 in the control group. The study used a complete case analysis method, and only 114 subjects who participated in the whole process of intervention and measurement were included in the analysis.

The data results of this study shows that: (1) PMTO group intervention can significantly relieve the parenting pressure (Ftime×group(1,112)=4.43,p=0.038)，the specific performance is that the parenting stress score of the PMTO intervention group is significant in the interaction effect of time multiplied by the group; (2) PMTO group was effective on the two dimensions of "total parenting style"(F(1,112) time×group=9.92,p=0.002,F(1,112)time=6.25,p=0.014),and"stop  bad  behavior"

(F(1,112)time×group =4.38,p=0.039),The specific performance is that PMTO group has a significant effect on the total of parental rearing styles in terms of the interaction effect between time and group, and the main effect of time,the PMTO group’s scores for curbing bad behaviors in parenting styles have significant effects on time and group. (3) Parenting stress plays a complete mediating role between PMTO group and parenting style,the mediating effect accounts for 41.90%, and the upper and lower limits of the confidence interval do not include 0.

The limitations of this study are: (1) The sample size is small, the similarity is high, and there is the possibility of spillover effect; (2) There is no clear inclusion criteria for the parents about parenting style and parenting pressure; (3) The research objects are selected by voluntary registration, which may lead to the problem that the sample representation is not strong;(4) For the parents of students of all grades, the theme content of the group is consistent, so the pertinence of the content needs to be improved; (5) Some parents can not participate in all groups, which may affected the group; (6) Due to the impact of the COVID-19, tracking data were collected online, and the loss rate was high, so only the post test data were calculated in this study.

The conclusions are as follows: (1) PMTO group intervention can significantly relieve parenting stress; (2) PMTO group intervention can significantly improve parenting style; (3) parenting stress plays a full mediating role between PMTO group and parenting style,PMTO group intervention improves parenting styles by affecting parental upbringing pressure.