本文研究多维贫困问题。文章首先回顾了多维贫困的理论和国际发展，然后借助多维贫困指标体系，测算我国多维贫困程度及其跨期变化。结论显示：农村多维贫困得到极大缓解，上世纪九十年代中期农户自费医疗支出负担对整体贫困贡献度最高，“新农合”普惠项目弥补了这块短板；缺乏经济能力在20年前是第二突出的多维贫困表现形式，但伴随民生发展得到缓解。现阶段，多维贫困农户面临困境主要来自健康和医疗。我们还研究了各维度增长与不平等程度变动对我国农村多维贫困的影响，重点关注多维不平等与多维贫困的关系，并发现：各指标平均水平的改善是近20年内农村多维贫困程度大幅减少的最主要原因，但是，个别指标内部的不平衡发展具有扩大多维贫困的效用，最终抵消了以部分指标增长效用。根据评估结果，本文建议在2020年期间和之后的减贫战略中，特别关注发展差距问题。本文还参照全球MPI标准，测算发现中国的多维贫困程度并不高，体现出我国以发展为中心的扶贫政策在实践中取得了显著的成效，构成了中国在减贫领域取得巨大成就的一条重要经验。最后，我们提出2020年后，以多维贫困标准替代传统的经济贫困标准极可能将成为中国贫困识别、瞄准和救助的新趋势。

This thesis focus on the multidimensional poverty in China. We firstly reviewed the theory and application of the multidimensional poverty globally, then move to China’s application. We find the medication burden was the largest contributor to the poor, while the situation reversed significantly by the China’s New Rural Cooperation Medical System. The economic issue was the second largest contributor, but as income and assets also improved a lot during the development. Now health and medication issues are the deprivations that need to be focused. We analysis the multiple indicators’ growth and inequality effects on multidimensional poverty in rural China, and find that the growth of the indicator significantly reduces rural China’s multidimensional poverty, however, the increase of the inequality enlarges the poverty and offsets part of the growth effect. We also found the inequality of the assets enlarged the degree of multidimensional poverty before 2002, but changed to positive effect on poverty reduction after then; meanwhile the income inequality had limited negative effect on multidimensional poverty before 2002, however worsen since then. We also analysis the multiple indicators’ growth and inequality effects on multidimensional poverty in rural China, and find that the growth of the indicator significantly reduces rural China’s multidimensional poverty, however, the increase of the inequality enlarges the poverty and offsets part of the growth effect. In order to build a shared prosperity society, the policy implication is thinking highly on the multiple inequality issues when dealing with the current and future poverty alleviation work after 2020.