本文以特质-情境之争为理论起点，深入探讨人格特质的一致性。特质-情境之争发展至今，其问题不再是简单的“特质驱动”或“情境驱动”等极端观点，而更多的集中在特质与情境相互关系、两者如何共同对人类的行为起作用、如何分别地起作用等细节上。但对于特质在不同情境间的表现，理论讨论发展缓慢，大多停留于特质的“一致”与“变动”两分立场之上，缺乏足够的实证研究，也缺乏合适有效的研究设计和统计手段。本文试图从特质理论的宏观角度，分两步回答以下问题：(1) 总体特质和情境如何影响情境下特质的具体表现？两者之间的交互作用如何体现？两者对于情境中特质的具体表现分别有多大的影响力？通过把特质和情境操作化为适当的研究变量，利用结构方程模型，研究一对解答上述问题进行初步的尝试；(2) 特质的跨情境一致性是否存在个体间差异？若存在，又有着什么样的表现方式？研究二尝试在研究一的基础上，通过短期的追踪研究，利用多层线性模型，增加对特质跨情境一致性的个体差异的理解。通过两个实证研究，本文发现：(1) 特质和情境理论的结合，较之纯粹的特质论或纯粹的情境论，将更有效地预测个体的具体人格状态；(2) 特质的跨情境一致性特征存在差异，其中宜人性的跨情境一致性最高，外向性的跨情境一致性最低；(3) 对于不同情境下的人格状态，特质因素的影响和情境因素的影响各自不同；(4) 特质的跨情境特征存在显著的个体差异。通过以上的结论，本文把特质跨情境特征的两分概念转化为连续概念，把特质理论的一维连续统扩展到特质-情境的二维连续统，把人格心理学从关注内部特质因素向兼顾外部情境因素引导，对人格心理学与社会心理学的结合进行了初步展望，并以此加深了特质理论的理论内涵。

Taking trait-situation controversy as a theoretical starting point, the current study explores the consistency of personal traits in depth. After a long-time development, the focus of the trait-situation controversy no longer refers to simple, extremely theoretical views of ‘character-driven’ or ‘context-driven’, instead concerns about much detailed questions such as the relationship of traits and situations, and how these both factors have impact on the behaviors respectively. Previous studies distinguished consistency as two extreme points as ‘consistent’ or ‘unstable’, lacked empirical research, appropriate and effective research design and statistical methods. This thesis attempts to answer the following questions from the perspective of the trait theory, by two steps: (1) how to reflect the interaction of trait and situation? To which extent do the both factors influence the performance of trait within different situations? By manipulating both trait and situation as proper variables in Structural Equation Model, Study 1 tried to answer these questions; (2) do the individual differences exist on the consistency of trait? If then, how do they reflect? Based on the result of Study 1, Study 2 designed a short-term longitudinal investigation, using Hierarchical Linear Model, increase understanding of individual differences on the characteristics of cross-situational consistency of trait. Through the above two studies, the current thesis came to some conclusions: (1) compared with ‘pure’ trait-theory or ‘pure’ situational theory, the combined theory with both trait and situation predicts the personality state more precisely; (2) there are differences between traits on consistency, as the Agreeable keeps the highest consistency and the Extraversion takes the lowest; (3) the power of prediction from trait or situation to personality state differs within various situation; (4) there are significant individual differences on cross-situational characteristics. Furthermore, the current thesis transfers the consistency of trait from a categorical concept into a continuous concept, extends the one-dimensional continuum to a two-dimensional continuum of trait-situation, draws the focus on only internal trait factors to take the external situational factors into account, and gives a preliminary attempt to personality psychology and social psychology. As a result, the theoretical connotation of trait theory has been deepened.