在“科教兴国”战略指导下，中国政府对高校科研发展的重视程度不断提高，投入大量科研经费以促进高校科研实现跨越式发展。随着高校科研投入的大规模增加，科研效率问题日益成为人们关注的焦点。本论文首先通过梳理文献，介绍了效率与生产率研究的方法及在国内外科研效率实证研究中的应用；其次构建了高校科研生产效率测评的指标体系，并以“211工程”高校为研究对象，分学科使用DEA方法分析了高校的技术效率及规模效率，通过投影分析给出了各高校提高科研效率的改进方法，还对“211工程”高校分类型、分区域进行了比较分析；最后通过梳理国外的科研评价制度，尝试建构适合我国的科研评价制度。“211工程”高校的科研投入与科研产出的描述性分析显示：不管是理工农医还是人文社会学科，各高校的科研投入与产出都逐年增加，但是大部分单位投入的平均科研产出指标却逐年下降；分析还发现不同类型、不同区域的科研投入与产出都存在差异，“985工程”高校的科研投入与产出都高于非“985工程”高校，东中西部高校大部分指标呈阶梯状递减分布。使用DEA方法分析“211工程”高校科研效率发现：“211工程”高校理工农医学科科研效率整体处于较高水平，但是人文社会学科科研效率不太理想；不同类型、不同区域高校科研效率也存在差异。最后尝试建构一个国家主导，评价由各学科专家组成的中介组织实施，周期在五年左右的科研评价制度。

Under the guidance of the strategy, “develop the country through science and education”, the Chinese government paid more attention to the development of university’s scientific research, and put in a lot of research funding in order to promote it to achieve a leapfrog development. With the increase of university’s scientific research funding, the scientific research efficiency has become the focus of attention. First, this paper introduces the research methods of efficiency and productivity and the application of empirical studies domestic and overseas. Then it establishes the index system of assessment on university’s scientific research productivity, and takes the “211 projects” universities as the object of the research, analyzing universities’ technical efficiency and scale efficiency with DEA on different subjects and also presents the improving method of promoting the universities’ scientific research efficiency by projection analysis. Meanwhile it comparatively analyzes the “211 project” universities from different types and areas. Finally, based on the literatures of foreign research assessment system, this paper attempts to construct a scientific research assessment system for our own country. The results of descriptive analyses on “211 project” universities’ research investment and output reveals that universities’ research investment and output are increasing year by year, regardless of science and engineering, agriculture and medicine or humanities and social science, but no increase in average research output index of most universities. Moreover, research investment and output is different on types and areas, “985 project” universities are higher than non-“985 project” universities, and most indexes decreases gradually from the eastern regions to the western regions. This paper also uses method DEA to analyze the research efficiency of “211 project” universities and finds out that the subjects of science, engineering, agriculture and medicine are at a high level in general, but the subjects of humanities and social science are not ideal. And, universities’ research efficiency is different on types and areas. At last, this paper tries to construct a state-led and 5-year cycle research assessment system which is evaluate by a medium organization that consists of each subject’s experts.