北京位于华北平原西北端，自然环境条件优越，药用植物资源丰富，本课题组在第四次全国中药资源普查中承担北京市门头沟区、石景山区的中药资源普查工作。本研究依据第三次中药资源普查成果《北京中草药手册续编》(北京市中草药资源普查队, 1972) 与《全国中药普查技术规范》 (以下简称《技术规范》) (黄璐琦和王永炎, 2015)，结合第四次中药资源普查的资料，统计北京地区药用维管植物名录，研究和分析了北京地区药用维管植物组成多样性；依据国家植物标本资源库信息网，统计北京市各区县药用植物名录，比较分析北京地区药用植物的分布；按照《技术规范》要求，运用样地调查的方法对门头沟区、石景山区的药用植物资源进行调查研究，计算了重点药用植物的蕴藏量，为北京市药用植物的保护利用和中药材产业发展提供基础资料。

“柴胡”是我国常用中药，使用历史悠久。柴胡属 (Bupleurum) 隶属于伞形目 (Apiales) 伞形科 (Apiaceae) 柴胡族 (Bupleureae) (APG IV, 2016)。全世界约有200余种，中国有42种、17变种、7变型，其中25种为中国特有 (Shel & Watson, 2005)。柴胡属植物因其与单子叶植物相似的条形叶、近平行脉及明显的总苞片和小总苞片而易识别，但属下种间鉴定难度较大。本研究在文献考证的基础上，对国内外20个标本馆2000余份实体和数字化标本进行仔细的观察研究，对北京地区柴胡属3种、1变种、2变型进行野外考察和标本采集，重点在门头沟区东灵山地区进行垂直梯度的居群观察和采样，海拔每升高100 m作为1个居群，采集标本3–5株，共采集42个居群155份标本，在河北小五台山地区补充采集标本93份。对研究范围内柴胡属植物进行数量分类学研究，对形态变异幅度和变异规律展开深入的研究和归纳总结，并且对北柴胡 (B. chinense DC.) 及种下变型进行了分类学考证，理清了北柴胡与雾灵柴胡 (B. sibiricum var. jeholense (Nakai) Chu) 之间主要鉴别特征；还利用分子系统学手段分析了北京地区柴胡属的系统发育关系。

本研究的主要结论如下：

1) 北京地区药用维管植物共142科496属808种，其中栽培药用植物有57科108属128种，野生药用维管植物有120科423属680种，对野生药用维管植物进行多样性分析。北京市野生药用蕨类植物资源相对贫乏，仅有13科14属25种，占全国蕨类植物的0.9％；野生药用种子植物较为丰富，有117科409属655种，其中双子叶植物是该地区野生药用维管植物的主要植物类型，其种数最多，占80.83％。北京市野生药用维管植物以温带分布类型为主，同时具有一定的热带成分特征，但特有类型较少。其中，野生药用蕨类植物的属可分为4个分布区类型，大部分为世界分布；野生药用种子植物的属可分为15个分布区类型，以温带分布为主。在北京各区中，海淀区药用维管植物最多，有115科327属467种，占北京市药用维管植物的57.79％，但大多为栽培植物；门头沟区野生药用维管植物多样性指数最高，野生药用植物开发利用意义较大，石景山区药用维管植物记录较少。

2) 门头沟区调查区域内共记录野生药用维管植物63科131属169种。该地区野生药用植物以双子叶植物为主，占86.46％；门头沟区野生药用种子植物属以温带分布类型为主；重点药用植物中总蕴藏量最高为穿龙薯蓣 (Dioscorea nipponica Makino)，有73893.04 kg，其次是苦参 (Sophora flavescens Alt.) 和北苍术 (Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz.)，总蕴藏量约在30000 kg左右，知母 (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge) 的总蕴藏量最少，仅1606.12 kg。石景山区调查区域内共记录野生药用维管植物45科85属101种。石景山区野生药用种子植物的分布区仍以温带分布类型为主，但热带成分特征更加明显；石景山区重点药用植物蕴藏量较低，穿龙薯蓣的分布面积最广，总蕴藏量最高，有377.49 kg，苦参单位面积蕴藏量远高于其他物种，约4000 kg/km²，其余几种药用植物的蕴藏量均较低，尤其防风 (Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.) 总蕴藏量仅5.46 kg。在石景山区应加大保护力度，减少对野生药用植物的采挖，野外环境下的人工栽培来替代野生种入药。

3) 北柴胡随海拔升高，形态发生连续性变异：植株高度逐渐变矮；分支数目减少，由多回分枝逐渐变为二回分枝；小总苞片由3数逐渐变为5数，小总苞片由明显短于伞形花序变为近等长或略微超过伞形花序。结合形态学、数量分类学和分子系统学研究，认为Bupleurum chinense DC. f. pekinense (Franch.) Shan et Y. Li与B. chinense DC. f. octoradiatum (Bunge) Shan et Sheh) 均在B. chinense DC. 的变异范围内，均应处理为B. chinense DC. 的异名。雾灵柴胡 (B. sibiricum var. jeholense (Nakai) Chu) 与北柴胡主要的区别在于前者叶片狭披针形，小总苞片有尾尖且明显超过伞幅。雾灵柴胡在东灵山地区分布范围较狭，仅海拔2000 m左右有少量分布，与北柴胡之间存在形态过渡现象。

4) 植株高度随海拔升高呈现出变矮的趋势，但具有一定的波动；小总苞片随海拔升高呈现出数目变多，长度和宽度均变大的趋势；小总苞片与伞幅的长度比值、伞幅中花的数目均随海拔升高比值增大、数目增多；茎中部叶长宽比、小枝上二回分枝的数目在物种鉴定中具有一定作用，但两性状的变化与海拔无关。

5) 对北京地区柴胡属植物进行分类学考证后认为，北京地区柴胡属植物有3种、1变种。其中北柴胡、红柴胡作为中药柴胡的原料广泛应用，针对黑柴胡和雾灵柴胡的药用价值有待进一步研究。

Beijing is located at the northwestern of the North China Plain, with superior natural environmental conditions and a vast hinterland of medicinal plants. This research is based on the fourth national general survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, in Mentougou District and Shijingshan District The study counted the list of medicinal plants in Beijing to analyze the composition and flora diversity which based on the results of the third national survey and the list of medicinal vascular plants in The Technical Specification for the Fourth National General Survey of Chinese Medicine Resources. This study analyzed the distribution diversity in Beijing every districts, according to the CVH digital specimen website. The medicinal plant resources in Mentougou District and Shijingshan District were investigated through sample survey and calculated the reserves of key medicinal plants. The field servey was directed by the The Technical Specifications for the National General Survey of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources". This research provides basic reference materials for the protection of medicinal plants and the development of Chinese medicine industry in Beijing.

Chinese medicine “Chaihu” is used in China with a long history. The genus Bupleurum L. (Apiaceae: Bupleureae) consists about 180 species worldwide, widespread in the N temperate zone 42 species, 17 varieties, and 7 varieties (25 endemic) in China (Shel &Watson, 2005). This genus is easily to identify by the simple leaves and conspicuous bracts and bracteoles. However, species within Bupleurum are difficult to recognize due to wide morphological variation.

This thesis researched the literature, and observeed more than 2,000 physical and digital specimens from 20 herbariums at China and abroad. There are 3 species 1 variant and 2 forms of Bupleurum in Beijing. The vertical gradient population observation and sampling in the Dongling Mountain area were carried out. 3–5 specimens were collected at each 100 m increase in altitude as a population. A total of 33 populations (125 specimens) were collected and added 93 specimens from Hebei. The study combined numberical taxonomic and molecular systematics to classify the Bupleurum in Beijing, revised the B. chinense and identified distinguished characteristics between B. chinense and B. sibiricum var. jeholense.

The main conclusions of this study are as follows:

1) There are 808 species of medicinal vascular plants belonging to 142 families and 496 genera in Beijing, among which 128 species of cultivated and 680 species of wild The species of pteridophyte is relatively poor, with only 25 species, accounting for 0.9% of the Chinese pteridophyte. Wild medicinal seed plants are abundant, with 655 species of 117 families and 409 genera. Dicotyledons. plants are the main plant components of wild medicinal vascular plants, accounting for 80.83%. The areal–types of wild medicinal vascular plants in Beijing are mainly temperate, also with tropical components, but few endemic types. Among them, the genera of wild medicinal pteridophyte can be divided into 4 types, mainly worldwide and the genera of wild medicinal seed plants can be divided into 15 types of distribution areas, mainly temperate. Among the districts in Beijing, Mentougou District has the highest diversity index of wild medicinal vascular plants, and the development and utilization of wild medicinal plants is the most significant. Haidian District has the most medicinal vascular plants, but most of them are cultivated plants. There are few records of specimens in Shijingshan District, caused the diversity of medicinal plants is seriously underestimated. This census greatly supplemented the data in Shijingshan area.

2) There are 169 species belonging to 63 families and 131 genera of wild medicinal vascular plants. In the survey area of Mentougou District, dicotyledonous is the main components of medicinal plants, with the largest number of species, accounting for 86.46%. The areal–types of wild medicinal seed plants in Mentougou District is similar to that of Beijing area, with temperate types being the main ones. Among the key medicinal plants, Dioscorea nipponica Makino has the highest total reserves, with 73,893.04 kg, followed by Sophora flavescens Alt. and Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. about 30,000 kg. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge has the least total reserves, only 1606.12 kg.

There are 101 species belonging to 45 families and 85 genera of wild medicinal vascular plants in Shijingshan District. Although the areal–types in Shijingshan District is similar to Beijing, the tropical components are more obvious. The reserves of key medicinal plants are relatively low in Shijingshan District. Dioscorea nipponica Makino has the widest distribution area and the highest total reserves, with 377.49 kg. The reserves per unit area of Sophora flavescens Alt. are much higher than other species. And the reserves of the other several medicinal plants are higher Low, especially Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. only 5.46 kg. In the Shijingshan area, protection should be strengthened, the mining of wild medicinal plants should be reduced, and artificial cultivation in the wild environment should be carried out to replace wild plants for medicine.

3) With the increase in altitude, the morphology of Bupleurum chinense varies continuously: the height of the plant gradually becomes shorter, the number of branches decreases, from multiple to two, and the bractoles gradually changes from 3 to 5. The bracteoles changed from significantly shorter than florets to nearly or slightly longer than florets. Combined morphological observation, numerical taxonomy with molecular systematics research, the result shows that B. chinense DC. f. pekinense (Franch.) Shan et Y. Li and B. chinense DC. f. octoradiatum (Bunge) Shan et Sheh should be treated as synonyms of B. chinense DC. The main difference between B. sibiricum var. jeholense (Nakai) Chu and B. chinense is that the leaves of the former are narrowly lanceolate, and the bracteoles have a tail tip and clearly exceed the small umbels. The distribution range of B. sibiricum var. jeholense is relatively narrow in the Dongling Mountain area, mainly distributed at an altitude of about 2000 m. There is a morphological transition phenomenon between B. sibiricum var. jeholense (Nakai) Chu and B. chinense.

4) The height of plants decreases with the elevation, but it fluctuates. With the elevation of altitude, the number of bracteoles increases, and the length and width both increase. The length ratio of bracteoles to umbrella width and the number of flowers in umbrella width increase with the elevation. The ratio of leaf length to width in the middle of stem and the number of secondary branches on branchlets play a certain role in species identification, but the changes of these two characters have nothing to do with altitude.

5) There are 3 species and 1 variety of Bupleurum in Beijing area by taxonomic verification. Among them, B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium are widely used as the raw materials of Chinese medicine “Chaihu”. However, the medicinal value of B. smithii Wolff and B. sibiricum var. jeholense (Nakai) Chu needs to be further studied.