“227提案”（Proposition 227）是20世纪90年代以来美国反双语教育运动的关键性事件。1998年6月，加利福尼亚州通过的这项反双语教育提案——“227提案”，不仅开启了加州的反双语教育改革，更引发了影响多州乃至联邦层面的反双语教育运动。“227提案”本是名为“公立学校的英语”（English Language in Public Schools）的公民提案，因其作为该年第227号公民提案而得名。提案建议公立学校只使用英语教学，借此达到取消双语教育合法地位、开展反双语教育改革的目的。

目前，学界对“227提案”总体的关注度不高，对于“227提案”的实施效果、影响和历史地位等有了相对全面的研究，而对提案通过原因的讨论却仍有未尽之处。国外学者认为政治、媒体引导和本土主义是主要影响因素，国内学者认为党派斗争、种族问题才是主要原因。因此，本研究将在相关法案原文、加州议会手册、主要倡导者及其团体组织公开文件以及相关新闻报道等一手史料的基础上，试图分析加州为何会在此时期通过“227提案”这项反双语教育提案。

20世纪80年代，保守主义在美国全面复兴，这扭转双语教育的发展势头。虽然《双语教育法》和“劳诉尼克尔斯案”使双语教育有了实质性发展，但也将其置于风口浪尖。由于美国的双语教育始终被视作学习英语的过渡手段，所以当它可能会威胁英语地位的时候，反双语教育运动便一触即发。“官方英语运动”方兴未艾之际，昂茨和“儿童英语”借第九街区小学抵制双语教育的事件，开启了加州的反双语教育改革，推动“227提案”的通过和实施，并在其他州如法炮制，成功掀起了一场全美范围的反双语教育运动。然而，2016年以恢复双语教育合法地位为诉求的“58提案”通过，标志着“227提案”走到了终点。

通过对“227提案”历史的梳理和探究，本研究认为提案通过的主要原因：在保守主义的主导下，美国社会潜在的“独尊英语”理念、 加州日益高涨的反移民情绪以及迅猛发展的“官方英语运动”这三重因素的共同作用。“227提案”引发的反双语教育运动推动着美国语言教育政策的变革，暗含新保守主义和多元文化主义之间“文化战争”的发展，反过来，“文化战争”作为一种必然的历史趋势，裹挟着美国语言教育政策的发展。

“Proposition 227” was the key event in the anti-bilingual education movement in the United States since the 1990s. In June 1998, California passed the anti-bilingual education proposal named “Proposition 227”, which not only started anti-bilingual education reform in California but also helped to set off the anti-bilingual education movement across many states and even at the federal level. Originally a citizen’s proposal called “English Language in Public Schools, “Proposition 227” gained this name because it was the 227th citizen’s proposal of 1998. The proposal called for English-only instruction in public schools and aimed to remove the legal status of bilingual education and carry out anti-bilingual education reforms.

At present, the academic community does not pay much attention to “Proposition 227” as a whole. There are relatively comprehensive studies on the implementation effects, influence, and historical status of “Proposition 227”. However, the discussion on the reasons for the adoption of the proposal still leaves much to be considered. Foreign scholars believe that politics, media guidance, and nativism were the main influencing factors, while domestic scholars believe that partisanship and race were the main factors. In response to this gap in the research, this study aims to use primary historical data, such as the original text of relevant bills, the California Legislature manual, public documents of major advocates and their organizations, and relevant news reports, to analyze why California passed “Proposition 227” during this period.

The 1980s saw a sweeping conservative revival in the United States that reversed the momentum of bilingual education. Although the Bilingual Education Act and Lau v. Nichols had made substantial contributions to the development of bilingual education, they also placed it at the center of a storm. Because bilingual education in the United States has always been seen as a way for children to learn English, anti-bilingual education movements have historically been triggered when bilingual education threatens the status of English. When the Official English movement was in the ascendant, Unz and “English for the Children” started anti-bilingual education reform in California by taking advantage of the boycott of bilingual education at a Ninth District elementary school and promoted the adoption and implementation of “Proposition 227”. This law was followed by similar laws in other states and successfully set off a nationwide anti-bilingual education movement. However, the passage of Proposition 58 in 2016, which sought to restore the legal status of bilingual education, marked the end of “Proposition 227”.

Based on a thorough review of the history of“Proposition 227”, this study argues that the main reasons for the passage of “Proposition 227” are the combined effects of three factors: the potential “exclusive English” concept in American society under the leadership of conservatism, the period’s rising anti-immigrant sentiment in California, and the rapid development of the Official English movement. The anti-bilingual education movement triggered by “Proposition 227” promoted the reform of American language education policies and implied the development of a culture war between neoconservatism and multiculturalism. In turn, the culture war as an inevitable historical trend carried the development of American language education policies.