面临世界性的风险社会的到来，化解风险，以一种负责任的态度谋发展，成为这个时代十分重要的研究课题。基于此，立足于马克思主义理论，在概括国内外既有研究成果的基础之上，以风险社会有组织地不负责任境况为逻辑起点，深入探讨风险社会中伦理责任困境、存在的哲学前提、确立向度、实现以及在中国如何践履等问题，便具有极为重要的理论与现实意义。“风险”自古有之，但“风险”这个概念的出现和应用只是现代的事情。本文所称“风险”是现代性的后果，是人为制造的对人类生存与生活构成威胁的高危险副产品，这与前风险社会中存在的自然风险具有根本性的区别。今天，人类的生存与生活受到了工业资本主义制造的高危险后果的威胁，我们生活在一座文明的火山上，在此意义上，现代社会就是风险社会，也是问题社会。深入剖析风险社会，其根源在于工业资本主义的组织化不负责任境况。由资本逻辑所主导的现代性制度、重商主义、科学主义，使得一切彻底合目的的生活秩序被其内部的各种对立所撕碎，组织化的力量在毁灭其原本要保护的东西——人。于是，风险社会的伦理责任呈现诸多困境。然而，无论从人的存在、生存与生活方面，还是从自由与意志视域看，伦理责任均有其存在的哲学基础和前提。伦理责任是在一定的历史条件及人的主体能力的展现过程中存在和发展的，无论前风险社会还是风险社会，生活中的理性主体都负有这样那样的伦理责任。传统伦理学关注对责任的研究，但在较长时间里，责任理论在实践上远离了人们的生活与人类的生存境况。应用伦理是现代化之后的道德反省，成为使责任走向人间的伦理，旨在解决人类实践活动中产生的风险问题。风险社会的伦理责任拥有与其自身特质相适应的哲学基础。盛期现代性所导致的高危险后果，召唤着人们对人的生存方式与实现自我、完善自我承担相应的伦理责任，要求人们对自由意志与行为选择担当起责任。于是，风险社会伦理责任的新向度得以确立。随着人类实践活动的飞跃和社会的发展，人们的选择范围与选择能力不断得到扩大，因而人的伦理责任必将随之而扩展和延伸。人类日益增多的被制造出来的风险，对人、社会及自然均产生了深刻而广泛的影响，但是，现代性风险并非某一人或组织所为，而是组织化行为选择的结果，每一个在道德上有价值的人或由人组成的任何组织，都要有所承担，均不能游离于一切责任之外。因此，风险社会的伦理责任，在主体上应表现为复合性，在责任范域上应体现为未来性，在责任对象上应表现为对人以及人之外的自然界承担伦理责任的整体性向度。随着风险社会伦理责任新向度的开启，实现这种责任就是改写风险社会走和谐发展之路的保证。对于责任的实现，必须使个体责任与共同体责任、后果责任与前瞻性责任、对称性责任与非对称性的高度统一。责任的担当离不开权利与至善，前者是前提，后者是目的。无论是权利还是至善，都要求主体内心存在并升腾起一种强烈的责任感和责任自觉意识，这是责任实现的内部保障或人格素质支持。权利与利益均由制度所决定，因而社会制度就成为分配社会权利与社会责任的外部保障机制，借助制度手段可营造一种社会文化环境，形成主体的怀赏畏罚的心理，从而保证责任在制度框架下运行。中国的现代化是“后发外生”型的，这就不可避免地使我们在现代化建设进程中，既际遇着西方发达国家主导的现代性所产生的负作用，又遭遇到自身的由于制度不尽完善而导致的各种社会风险。我们有责任解决各类风险问题，既迎接挑战，又抓住机遇。建设“负责任的大国、负责任的政府、负责任的公民”，就要在历史唯物主义的视域中推进社会进步，以科学发展观为指导，真正把握社会发展规律性与主体选择性的辩证统一，确立以人为本和可持续发展责任观，实现人、社会与自然的全面、协调与永续发展。落到实处，就是要培育和实践复合主体的伦理责任感，强化公民个人、组织及政府的责任意识，建立健全稳定的市场机制，构筑责任关系，实现和谐发展模式的责任旨归。

Mitigating risk and seeking development in a responsible manner becomes a considerably significant research project facing the upcoming cosmopolitan risk society. Therefore, in light of Marxist Theory, and on the basis of general research results both at home and abroad, taking organized irresponsibility in risk society as the logical starting point, probing deeply into the difficult position of ethical responsibility in risk society, its existing philosophical premise, establishing dimensions and fulfillment as well as how to implement in China possess substantial theoretical and practical significance."Risk" existed since ancient times, but the concept of risk and its application emerges only in modern times. This paper refers "risk" as the consequence of modernity – a man-made by-product of high risks, which poses a threat to the survival and livelihood of human being. The foregoing mentioned risk fundamentally differentiates from natural risks which existed before the risk society. Now, the consequences caused by industrial capitalism threaten the survival and livelihood of human beings, and therefore, we live in a volcano of civilization. In this sense, modern society is a risk society with various kinds of problems. In-depth analysis of the risk society reveals that the threat roots in the irresponsible situation of the organized industrial capitalism. Mercantilism, scientism and modern system dominated by capital logic rendered internal oppositions, shattering the purposive life order into pieces. The organized force is destroying the object it has been designed to protect – human being. Thus, the ethical responsibility of risk society presents many difficulties.However, either in terms of human existence, survival and livelihood, or from the perspective of freedom and will, ethical responsibility has its philosophical foundation and prerequisite. It exists under certain historical conditions, and develops through the process of realizing man’s subjective ability. Rational agents bear ethical responsibility of various sorts in both pre-risk society and risk society. Traditional ethics focuses on studying responsibilities, but in practice deviates from people’s lives and living conditions in a long period of time. Applied ethics concerns itself with moral reflection in post modernization period, aiming at addressing the risks arising from human activities. Ethical responsibility of risk society owns philosophical basis in consistency with itself. High-risk consequences caused by modernity have been calling upon human beings to take corresponding ethical responsibilities for conducting free will and behavioral choice in their lifestyles, self-realization and perfection.Thus, new dimension of ethical responsibility in risk society has been established. People have more choices to make, and the ability to choose has been increased in the context of rapid advancing of human activities and social development. Therefore, man need to assume greater ethical responsibilities accordingly. Increasing man-made risks has generated profound and extensive impact upon mankind, society and the nature. Nevertheless, modern risks are not induced by a single person or organization, but the result of organized behavioral choice. Consequently, each member with moral value or any institution should take responsibility rather than separating themselves from it. As a result, ethical responsibilities in risk society demonstrate three features: compositeness of the subject, futurity of responsibility scope, and an overall object containing mankind and nature.As ethical responsibility in risk society opens a new dimension, the implement of this responsibility modifies risk society and guarantees a harmonious society. It also requires close integration of individual and community responsibilities, responsibility of consequences and prospective responsibilities, symmetry and non-symmetry responsibilities. Rights and supreme good are two indispensable factors involved in assuming responsibility, with the former being the premise and the latter being the goal. A strong sense of responsibility and consciousness in the subject is the internal guarantee and personality quality necessary to uphold responsibilities. Rights and interests are determined by social system, which is the external security mechanism for distributing social rights and responsibilities. By relying on this system, a social and cultural environment could be created where main body of the society yearns for reward and fears penalty, and thus to ensure responsibilities being taken within this framework.China’s late coming exogenous modernization has resulted in the fact that not only does modernity dominated by developed Western countries have adverse effect upon us, but various kinds of social risks caused by deficiencies in our own institution also pose challenges. We have a responsibility to address the various types of risk, both to meet the challenge and seize the opportunity. In order to build ‘a responsible large country, a responsible government and citizens’, it is necessary for us to promote social progress in the historical materialism field of view, under the guidance of scientific concept of development, fully grasping the law of dialectical unity of regularity of social development and selectivity of subject, and establishing people-oriented and sustainable conception of responsibility. Thus, comprehensive, harmonious and sustainable development of human, nature and society could be realized. Practically speaking, it requires us to cultivate sense of responsibility in the complex main body, reinforce the awareness of responsibility among individual citizens, organizations and governments, establish and enhance market mechanism, and build up accountability so that the aim of building a harmonious development mode could be reached.