所谓可持续发展为“既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展”，其实质上是一种资源管理战略，它包括三个主要内容即社会、经济、环境的可持续发展，而且三者之间密不可分。当前在中国经历了快速发展，我们的环境也经历较为惨痛的代价，许多地方以牺牲环境为代价来换取一定的经济利益，这种环境的破坏导致的结果可从两个方面体现，一、从宏观的角度讲，环境的破坏导致经济发展的不可持续，从而影响社会的可持续发展；二、从微观角度讲，环境的破坏直接影响到以自然资源作为第一生产资料的农牧区社区的生计及其发展。自上世纪八九十年代，一种新的自然资源管理方式在中国悄然出现，即以社区为基础的自然资源管理方式（CBNRM）。它是以社区为基础，在发展规划指导下，由所有利益相关者共同合作的自然资源管理方式，社区成为由技术服务部门协助和监管下的自然资源管理的主要执行者。对于此类项目的管理实施与评价往往通过社会调查等定性的方式进行，而对于其在生态上的影响也只限于直观的观察，缺乏定量的评估。本文拟通过对研究区内蒙古阿拉善左旗吉兰太苏木哈图呼都格嘎查天然围封植被的生态系统服务价值的评估，将其纳入当地农牧民收入，将生态学上的定量评估引入社区资源管理项目中，从而使政策制定、管理、规划者，以及资源的直接使用者即农牧民对自然资源的价值量能有一个更直接的感受与认识，从而改变其为获取一定利益而导致自然资源的不可持续利用的短期行为。通过研究表明，(1)与当地社区农牧民关系较为密切的生态系统服务价值中，直接利用价值最大，间接利用价值次之，存在价值最小；(2)项目实施后，所围封的5021.067hm2梭梭林的生态系统服务价值明显提高，仅提供生产资料一项就比未围封梭梭增加635.37万元/年；(3)围封后，对于农牧民来说其可利用价值降低，有些甚至完全不可用，如果没有国家公益林补偿措施及相应的法规保证，梭梭林的恢复将有所减弱；(4)随着国家公益林补偿制度的跟进，梭梭围封后，当地农牧民的收入水平并无明显下降，公益林补偿标准较为合理；(5)转变一线自然资源使用者的生产经营方式，除去意识的改变与提供技术支持外，相应的生计开发培训很重要；(6)将生态系统服务价值评估结果计入地方ＧＤＰ核算可行，但计入核算的服务类型、可达性以及相应计算的标准还有待于进一步研究。

Sustainable development refers to the development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It is essentially a kind of resource management strategy, involving social, economic and environmental development in sustainable and inseparatable manner. China’s economy has developed rapidly, however at the cost of the environment, which was reflected to the following two consequences. From a macroscopic perspective, the environmental degradation results in the economic development in an unsustainable manner, which further affects the sustainable social development. At the micro level, the environmental degradation directly affects the rural livelihood and its development that natural resources are its main means of production. Since 1980s and 1990s, a new natural resource management method, the CBNRM (community-based natural resource management), has been gradually developed in China. It is oriented at the rural community and implemented with the cooperation of all relevant stakeholders under the guidance of the relevant development strategy. The community is directly responsible for the natural resource management under the supervision and support of the technical service departments. The qualitative methods like social investigation are mainly used for the management, implementation and evaluation of CBNRM projects. However, the ecological impacts of CBNRM projects are difficult to be assessed in qualitative manner, only through intuitive observation. Based on the field work involved in the Natural Sacsaoul Forest Fencing Project at Hatuhuduge Gacha of Jilantai in Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, this paper focuses on the assessment of the ecosystem service value and incorporates its results into household income accounting. The quantitative ecological evaluation methods are introduced to the management of CBNRM, which aims to give policy-makers, managerial staff, planners and those who directly use resources a better understanding of the value of natural resources, and thus change their attitudes and activities to seek profits without compromising the sustainability of the natural resources. The study has shown that: firstly, with all the ecosystem service values that closely linked to local households, the rank of the value from the highest to the lowest is from the direct use value, the indirect to the existence value. Secondly, since the implementation of the project, the ecosystem service value of the fencing area of 5021.067 hm2 has been remarkably improved. For example, the means of production has been raised by RMB 6.3547 million Yuan per year. Thirdly, however, the value of fencing area has been greatly decreased from the local households’ perspective; part of it can be worthless. The rehabilitation impact of Sacsaoul forest would be weakened without applicable compensation measures on public welfare forest. Fourthly, the income level of local households does not decreased notably with the implementation of the compensation policy on public welfare forest, which means that the compensation standards are relatively reasonable. Fifthly, change the mode of production of the direct natural resource users by awareness improvement, technical support as well as livelihood development trainings. Sixthly, incorporating the results of the ecosystem service value into regional GDP accounting is applicable, however, the accounting types, accountability and calculation standards still need to be further developed.