“9·11”事件后，以美国为首的国际联军推翻了塔利班政权。尔后，塔利班不仅成为阿富汗国内最主要的政治反对势力，而且其武装力量与阿富汗政府军、国际联军陷入持续、激烈的暴力冲突之中。实现和平和解，不仅是阿富汗政府无法回避的重大政治议题，也是国际社会的普遍期盼。本文探讨的“阿富汗的和平和解”主要是指塔利班与以美国为首的国际联军、阿富汗政府军之间停止暴力冲突，进而在阿富汗政府与塔利班之间实现政治和解的整个过程。阿富汗和平和解进程的特殊性主要在于，这一进程无论是开启还是推进都直接受制于美国因素的影响。

对于阿富汗和平和解进程而言，美国既是最重要的外部推动力量，也是最大的外部阻碍力量，这与阿富汗特殊的历史背景有关。“9·11”事件以后，美国以反恐为名，凭借“持久自由行动”拉开阿富汗反恐战争的序幕。自推翻塔利班政权以来，美国在阿富汗花费数千亿美元用于反叛乱、和平重建等工作。然而，美国忽视了和平重建的基础应该建立在阿富汗内外部和平与各方政治势力达成和解的基础上。尽管自卡尔扎伊政府时期阿富汗便寻求与塔利班谈判以达成政治和解，但是美国在2010年以前并没有将阿富汗和平和解摆在对阿战略的重要日程上，致使阿富汗和平和解进程受阻，成果寥寥。2010年以后，美国战略重心由伊拉克转向阿富汗，开始重视阿富汗政府与塔利班的和平谈判，试图在美军和联军撤军前达成政治和解。为此，美国做出了诸多努力，包括奥巴马政府时期对“温和派”塔利班采取宽容政策，特朗普政府时期开启四方会谈，签订《美塔和平协议》，拜登政府时期试图借助中、俄以及巴基斯坦的力量推动阿富汗内部谈判。

不可否认的是，美国对阿富汗和平和解进程确实产生了一些积极影响，包括签订了阿富汗历史上第一份和平协议，提出了“先和平后和解”的思路，为阿富汗问题的解决提供了除战争与冲突以外的其他可能道路。另一方面，美国也对阿富汗和平和解进程造成了消极影响。首先，美国自2001年介入阿富汗事务，使得阿富汗本来稳定的局势变得重新复杂。美国对阿政策充满着美国利益优先的短视倾向，并不真正关注阿富汗的和平和解；美国强行将西式民主政治植入阿富汗政治体制中，而不考虑是否与阿富汗传统政治环境的契合性。其次，从美国主导阿-塔和谈进程的目标和结果之间的差距来看，阿富汗政府对于和平和解进程的核心诉求是实现阿富汗内部各政治派别，主要是阿政府与塔利班之间达成政治和解和权力分享协议。但是，阿政府与塔利班内部谈判开启后不久即陷入僵局，双方军事冲突不断。美国撤军后，塔利班迅速占领喀布尔，推翻加尼政府并建立“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国”，这与美国及国际社会的预期完全不一致，即塔利班与阿富汗政府在经历胶着的战斗后实现政治和解。虽然，塔利班已重新执政阿富汗，但是阿富汗并没有真正实现和平，内部和解进程依然任重而道远。 

After the "9.11" incident, the international coalition led by the United States overthrew the Taliban regime. Since then, the Taliban has not only become the main political opposition force in Afghanistan, but also its armed forces, the Afghan government forces and the international coalition forces have fallen into continuous and intense violent conflicts. Achieving peace and reconciliation is not only a major political issue that the Afghan government cannot avoid, but also the general expectation of the international community. The "peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan" discussed in this paper mainly refers to the whole process of ending the violent conflict between the Taliban and the international coalition led by the United States and the Afghan government forces, and then achieving political reconciliation between the Afghan government and the Taliban. The peculiarity of the Afghan peace and reconciliation process lies mainly in the fact that whether the process is initiated or advanced, it is directly influenced by American factors.

For the peace and reconciliation process in Afghanistan, the United States is not only the most important promoter, but also the largest external hindering force, which is related to the special historical background of Afghanistan. After the "9.11" incident, the United States opened the prelude to the war on terrorism in Afghanistan with "Operation Enduring Freedom" in the name of anti-terrorism. Since the overthrow of the Taliban regime, the United States has spent hundreds of billions of dollars in counter-insurgency, peaceful reconstruction and other work in Afghanistan. However, the United States has neglected that the foundation of peaceful reconstruction should be based on peace within and outside Afghanistan and reconciliation between the political forces of all parties. Although Afghanistan has sought to negotiate with the Taliban to reach political reconciliation since the Karzai government, the United States did not put Afghan peace and reconciliation on the important agenda of its strategy towards Afghanistan before 2010, which hindered the Afghan peace and reconciliation process and achieved few results. After 2010, the US strategic focus shifted from Iraq to Afghanistan, and began to attach importance to the peace negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban, trying to reach a political reconciliation before the withdrawal of the US and coalition forces. To this end, the United States has made many efforts, including adopting a tolerant policy towards the "moderate" Taliban during the Obama administration, opening the Quartet talks during the Trump administration, and signing the "US-Tajikistan Peace Agreement". And Pakistan's power to drive intra-Afghan negotiations.

It is undeniable that the United States has indeed had some positive influences on the peace and reconciliation process in Afghanistan, including signing the first peace agreement in Afghanistan's history, proposing the idea of "peace first and then reconciliation", which provides a solution to the Afghan issue without war. Other possible paths other than conflict. On the other hand, the United States has also had a negative impact on the peace and reconciliation process in Afghanistan. First, the United States' involvement in Afghanistan since 2001 has re-complicated the already stable situation in Afghanistan. The U.S. policy toward Afghanistan is full of short-sighted tendencies that prioritize U.S. interests, and does not really pay attention to peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan; the U.S. forcibly implants Western-style democratic politics into the Afghan political system without considering whether it fits with the traditional political environment in Afghanistan. Secondly, judging from the gap between the goals and results of the U.S.-led Afghan-Taliban peace talks process, the Afghan government's core appeal for the peace and reconciliation process is to achieve political reconciliation among various political factions in Afghanistan, mainly between the Afghan government and the Taliban. Power-sharing agreement. However, the internal negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban reached a stalemate soon after the start, and the two sides continued to have military conflicts. After the U.S. withdrew, the Taliban quickly occupied Kabul, overthrew the Ghani government and established the "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan". Although the Taliban has returned to power in Afghanistan, Afghanistan has not truly achieved peace, and the process of internal reconciliation still has a long way to go.