有限责任公司是以股东之间相互信任为基础而建立的企业组织形式。其特殊的组织结构使得成为了各类市场主体发展的重要载体。随着市场经济的深入发展，有限责任公司逐渐成为市场中的活跃主体，但伴随而来的股权转让纠纷也越来越多。

我国《公司法》规定了有限责任公司股东可以自由转让其股权，但《公司法》第七十一条第四款赋予有限责任公司章程对股权转让另作规定的权利。这表明有限责任公司可以根据自身实际状况和经营目标，做出与《公司法》第七十一条第四款法定规则不同的限制。但现有的法律并未明确章程“另有规定”的具体类型和边界，同时无其他配套的司法解释予以辅助说明。这就导致有限责任公司仅根据自身需求制定章程条款，个性化的章程限制条款在公司经营中层出不穷，而无相应的法律条文予以参考并对其进行限制。司法实践中也出现了许多因《公司法》第七十一条第四款规定不明而引发的纠纷。由于各地法院对于“另有规定”条文的理解存在分歧，在具体案件处理中对有限责任公司章程限制股权转让的效力认定标准缺乏统一的认识，“同案不同判”的情况时有发生。实务界存在的问题也进一步引发了学术界在理论层面的研究探讨。但时至今日，学术界对于章程的性质、股权自由转让原则和公司的人合性等之间的关系仍存在诸多的争议点，《公司法》在解释章程中的股权转让限制性条款效力时缺乏解释力和说服力。因此，厘清公司章程的性质与效力以及股权转让背后的法律逻辑，是解决股权转让限制性条款效力问题的根本之道。

本文立足于《公司法》修订和营商环境优化的时代背景，以有限责任公司章程中的股权转让限制性条款作为研究重点，采用理论研究与实证分析相结合的方式，归纳和分析当前学术界和司法实务界对于章程限制股权转让条款的解读及运用。在对章程性质、资本多数决的效力和功能以及股权转让的交易逻辑进行深入剖析的基础上，阐明有限责任公司章程限制股权转让效力冲突及成因所在，厘定《公司法》第七十一条第四款“另有规定”的自治边界，最后尝试为我国有限责任公司章程限制股权转让效力审查路径的构建提供参考意见。

本文除绪论和结论外，共分为六个部分。第一章系统性地研究了有限责任公司章程限制股权转让的基础理论。作为本文的研究对象，有限责任公司股权转让和公司章程深刻地影响着有限责任公司的经营管理，而其根本原因在于股权和公司章程的特殊法律性质，因此，本部分基于公司法的基本理论，分析股权和公司章程的法律性质，以及章程限制股权转让的正当性，为后续进一步展开研究奠定理论基础。第二章为案例和实证研究。面对具体而复杂的公司股权转让纠纷，裁判者为妥善解决个案，在解释和适用法律时表现出不同的侧重和考量。因此，研读案例、比较分析裁判观点、发现问题、提炼精要，进而完善规则，成为法学理论和应用研究的重要方法和路径。本章结合大量案例进行实证分析，呈现出章程限制股权转让条款的主要类型，分析和揭示该领域同案不同判的主要争议焦点，并力图为弥合法律规定缝隙寻找实践依据。第三章对章程限制股权转让的效力进行剖析，阐释了章程限制股权转让的制度路径，意图解决《公司法》体系下公司章程就股权转让进行限制的自治空间问题，包括章程中的股权转让限制性规定不得违反法律的强制性规定，不得剥夺股东退出公司的权利，对修正章程中增加的股权转让限制性条款的效力适用团体自治规则进行调整等。第四章在借鉴域外相关立法经验的基础上，对我国章程限制股权转让制度进行了反思和总结。其中，方法层面，可借鉴德国公司法的做法，完善公司章程对股权转让另行规定之具体措施；司法层面，借鉴美国的“合理性标准”，以我国商事实践为落脚点，根据个案的实际情况灵活适用合理性标准。第五章通过厘定有限责任公司章程限制股权转让的边界，总结了公司章程关于股权转让的限制条款需要重点考虑的因素，如公司章程限制股权转让的具体类型、程度与时间，讨论了股权转让合同违反公司章程中股权转让限制条款的法律效果等。主张坚持一般原则、固守底线标准并具体问题具体分析是判断公司章程限制股权转让条款效力的适当态度。第六章探讨章程限制股权转让的体系化建构，论述了采取“合法性”与“合理性”进行考察的具体标准，对章程与股权转让之间的冲突进行了分析，并提出了构建公司章程条款效力确认之诉的具体建议：在划分“合法性”与“合理性”双重考察标准的基础上明确公司章程条款效力确认之诉的案由、管辖地、当事人等程序操作层面的问题。

综上，在回应公司章程限制股权转让边界的理论和现实争议的基础上，主张公司章程限制股权转让需要在股权流动性和有限责任公司人合性保护之间进行考量，提出了构建既符合理论逻辑也符合实践需求的股权转让模式，明晰章程限制股权转让的效力，增强交易的安全性，使股权转让纠纷的司法解决更加具有现实可操作性。

A limited liability company is an organizational form established on the basis of mutual trust among shareholders. Due to its unique organizational structure, it has become an important carrier for the development of various market entities. With the deepening development of the market economy, limited liability companies have gradually become active entities in the market, but the accompanying equity transfer disputes are also increasing.

The Company Law of our country stipulates that shareholders of limited liability companies can freely transfer their shares, but Article 71 (4) of the Company Law grants the articles of association of limited liability companies the right to make separate provisions on equity transfer. This indicates that limited liability companies can impose restrictions that differ from the statutory rules of Article 71 (4) of the Company Law based on their actual situation and business objectives. However, the existing laws do not specify the specific types and boundaries of "otherwise specified" articles of association, and there are no other supporting judicial interpretations to assist in explaining them. This leads to limited liability companies only formulating articles of association based on their own needs, and personalized articles of association restrictions are constantly emerging in the company's operations, without corresponding legal provisions for reference and restriction. In judicial practice, there have also been many disputes arising from the unclear provisions of Article 71 (4) of the Company Law. Due to differences in understanding among courts in different regions regarding the provision of "other provisions", there is a lack of unified understanding of the effectiveness of the limited liability company's articles of association in determining the transfer of equity in specific case handling, resulting in situations where "different judgments are made for the same case". The problems existing in the practical field have further sparked academic research and exploration at the theoretical level. However, to this day, there are still many controversies in the academic community regarding the nature of the articles of association, the principle of free transfer of equity, and the person-joining cooperation of companies. The Company Law lacks explanatory and persuasive power in explaining the effectiveness of restrictive clauses on equity transfer. Therefore, clarifying the nature and effectiveness of the company's articles of association, as well as the legal logic behind equity transfer, is the fundamental way to solve the problem of the effectiveness of restrictive clauses in equity transfer.

This article is based on the background of the revision of the Company Law and the optimization of the business environment. The research focuses on the restrictive clauses on equity transfer in the articles of association of limited liability companies. Through a combination of theoretical research and empirical analysis, it summarizes and analyzes the interpretation and application of the restrictive clauses on equity transfer in the articles of association in the current academic and judicial practice circles. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the nature of the articles of association, the effectiveness and function of capital majority decision-making, and the transaction logic of equity transfer, this paper clarifies the conflicts and causes of the effectiveness of the limited liability company's articles of association in restricting equity transfer, clarifies the autonomous boundary of Article 71 (4) of the Company Law, and finally attempts to provide reference opinions for the construction of the review path for the effectiveness of the limited liability company's articles of association in restricting equity transfer in China.

This article is divided into six parts, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first chapter systematically studied the basic theory of limiting equity transfer in the articles of association of limited liability companies. As the research object of this article, the equity transfer and articles of association of limited liability companies have a profound impact on the operation and management of limited liability companies, and the fundamental reason is the special legal nature of equity and articles of association. Therefore, based on the basic theory of company law, this section analyzes the legal nature of equity and articles of association, as well as the legitimacy of restrictions on equity transfer in articles of association, laying a theoretical foundation for further research in the future. Chapter 2 is a case study and empirical research. Faced with specific and complex disputes over the transfer of company equity, judges have shown different emphasis and considerations in interpreting and applying the law in order to properly resolve the case. Therefore, studying cases, comparing and analyzing judicial viewpoints, identifying problems, refining essence, and improving rules have become important methods and paths for legal theory and applied research. This chapter combines a large number of cases for empirical analysis, presenting the main types of restrictions on equity transfer clauses in the articles of association, analyzing and revealing the main controversial focus of different judgments in similar cases in this field, and striving to find a practical basis for bridging the legal gap. Chapter Three analyzes the effectiveness conflicts of the articles of association restricting equity transfer, explains the institutional path of the articles of association restricting equity transfer, and aims to solve the autonomous space problem of the company's articles of association restricting equity transfer under the Company Law system, including the mandatory provisions of the law that cannot be violated by restrictive provisions on equity transfer, the right of shareholders to withdraw from the company cannot be deprived, and the application of group autonomy rules for adjustment. On the basis of drawing on relevant legislative experience from abroad, Chapter 4 reflects and summarizes the system of restricting equity transfer in China's articles of association. At the methodological level, the practice of German company law can be borrowed to improve the specific measures for equity transfer stipulated in the company's articles of association. At the judicial level, draw on the "reasonableness standard" of the United States, take China's commercial practice as the foothold, and flexibly apply the reasonableness standard according to the actual situation of each case. Chapter 5 summarizes the key factors that need to be considered in the restrictions on equity transfer in the articles of association of limited liability companies by defining the boundaries of restrictions on equity transfer in the articles of association, such as the specific types, degrees, and times of restrictions on equity transfer in the articles of association, and the legal effects of violating the restrictions on transfer; At the same time, it is pointed out that adhering to general principles, adhering to bottom line standards, and analyzing specific issues are appropriate attitudes to judge the effectiveness of the restrictions on equity transfer clauses in the company's articles of association. Chapter 6 explores the systematic construction of restrictions on equity transfer by articles of association, discusses the specific standards for examining "legality" and "reasonableness", analyzes the conflicts between articles of association and equity transfer, and proposes specific suggestions for constructing a lawsuit for confirming the effectiveness of company articles of association: based on the division of the dual inspection standards of "legality" and "reasonableness", clarify the cause of the lawsuit for confirming the effectiveness of company articles of association Issues related to jurisdiction, parties involved, and procedural operations.

In response to the theoretical and practical controversies surrounding the limitation of equity transfer boundaries in the company's articles of association, it is advocated that the limitation of equity transfer in the company's articles of association should be considered between the protection of equity liquidity and the person-joining of limited liability companies. A model for equity transfer that conforms to both theoretical logic and practical needs is proposed to clarify the effectiveness of the restrictions on equity transfer in the articles of association and enhance the security of transactions, making the judicial resolution of equity transfer disputes more practical and operational.