黑龙江省是我国的生态大省也是我国的农业大省，北部大兴安岭是我国保存较为完好、面积较大的原始森林，松嫩平原是世界上三大黑土区之一，与三江平原地区构成我国著名的粮食产区农业大仓“北大仓”，西部松嫩平原是世界上三大黑土区之一。但是近年来，由于不合理的人类活动，导致黑龙江省人地矛盾日益严重。一方面，为了满足社会经济发展的需要，人类频繁的干扰生态系统，围湖造田、乱砍滥伐等行为导致湿地面积减少，生物多样性缺失，水污染严重，自然灾害频发，严重影响着生态健康和人民生活幸福感。另一方面，生态系统服务是指生态系统能够满足和维持人类生产生活需要的条件和过程，气候变化、土地利用类型改变以及自然灾害等会影响生态系统的服务能力，导致城市化发展速度减缓，严重威胁着人们的根本利益。因此如何量化生态系统服务，了解其空间分布格局，并分析其与社会经济系统的相关关系，对于我们维护生态健康，构建生态安全格局，实现可持续发展和高质量发展具有重要意义。本研究以黑龙江省为研究区域，基于GIS平台，利用InVEST模型评估黑龙江省1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年的生态系统服务，并进行空间制图，揭示各项生态系统服务的时空变化特征，通过层次分析法得到黑龙江省生态系统服务综合指数，然后结合社会经济数据分析影响黑龙江省生态系统服务综合指数的城市化指标，最后根据黑龙江省生态系统服务的空间分布格局划分生态功能区，并提出相应的环境治理对策。主要结论有以下几点：

（1）五种生态系统服务呈现明显的区域分异：生境质量、碳固存和土壤保持服务高值区均分布在有天然林地覆盖的山地地区，低值区主要分布在黑龙江省主要的粮食作物产区以及城市化水平较高的地区；水源涵养区域主要呈现出中东部高、西部低的情况，局部地区略有不同；水质净化高值区主要分布在河流中下游地区以及人口聚集区，低值区主要分布在河流上游和人口密度小的地区。在研究时段，生境质量呈现先减小后增加的趋势，碳固存呈现减小的趋势，土壤保持服务和水质净化服务呈现波动的趋势而水源涵养能力逐年增加。

（2）黑龙江省生态系统服务综合指数呈现中部、南部高，东部、西部低的格局，在研究时段内，生态系统服务的综合水平总体上呈现增加的趋势，但是局部地区有减小的趋势，并且空间差异越来越小，黑龙江省生态系统服务的综合水平略微增加。

（3）黑龙江省1995年-2018年的城市化水平逐年提高，按照黑龙江省城市化水平的发展速度划分了三个阶段：缓慢发展阶段、快速发展阶段以及稳定发展阶段。最后得出黑龙江省的城市化水平与生态系统服务综合指数呈现分阶段的相关关系，第一阶段，1995-2003年，生态系统服务综合指数随着城市化水平的增加而减弱。第二阶段，2003-2015年，生态系统服务综合指数随着城市化水平的增长而升高。

（4）城市化指标对生态系统服务的影响在时间和空间上均表现出明显的分异特征。在研究时段内，每一年影响生态系统服务综合指数的主导城市化指标是不同的，但是每一年各县的城市化指标对生态系统服务综合指数的影响效果大多一致。

（5）黑龙江全省可划分为八类生态功能区。西部的松嫩平原以“生物多样性碳固存水质净化重点防止生态功能区”为主，北部的大兴安岭主要为“生物多样性碳固存水质净化生态功能区”，中部青黑山和小兴安岭大部分地区主要以“最优生态功能区”为主，其外缘为“较优生态功能区”，“重点防止生态功能区”主要分布在东部三江平原人口聚集地区；“水源涵养生态功能区和水质净化生态功能区”主要分布在河流中上游地区。

Heilongjiang Province is a major ecological and agricultural province in China. The Greater Khingan Mountains in the north of Heilongjiang Province are relatively well preserved and large virgin forests in China. Songnen Plain which is one of the three major black soil regions in the world, and Sanjiang Plain is a famous grain producing area in China. However, in recent years, due to unreasonable human activities, the contradiction between people and land in Heilongjiang Province has become increasingly serious. On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of social and economic development, human beings frequently interfere with the ecosystem, such as lake reclamation, deforestation and other behaviors, resulting in the reduction of wetland area, loss of biodiversity, serious water pollution and frequent natural disasters, which seriously affect ecological health and people's happiness of life. On the other hand, ecosystem services refer to the conditions and processes that the ecosystem can meet and maintain the production and living needs of human beings. Climate change, land use type change and natural disasters will affect the supply capacity of the ecosystem, slow down the development speed of urbanization and seriously threaten people's fundamental interests. Therefore, how to quantify the ecosystem service function, understand its spatial distribution pattern, and analyze its correlation with the social and economic system is of great significance for us to maintain ecological health, construct ecological security pattern, and achieve sustainable development and high-quality development. Taking Heilongjiang Province as the research area, this study evaluated the ecosystem services in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 using InVEST model based on GIS platform, and made spatial mapping to reveal the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the ecosystem services in Heilongjiang Province. This study through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to get total supply capacity of the ecosystem services in Heilongjiang province, and then combined with social and economic data analysis affect the ecosystem services of Heilongjiang province comprehensive index of urbanization indicators, finally according to ecosystem services in Heilongjiang province, differentiate the spatial distribution pattern of ecological function areas, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures of environmental governance. The main content has the following four points:

(1) The five ecosystem services showed obvious regional differentiation: the high value areas of habitat quality, carbon sequestration and soil conservation function were distributed in the mountainous areas covered by natural forest land, while the low value areas were mainly distributed in the main grain-crop producing areas and areas with high urbanization level in Heilongjiang Province. The water conservation areas are mainly high in the central and eastern regions and low in the western regions, with slight differences in some areas. The areas with high value of water purification were mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers and population gathering areas, while the areas with low value were mainly distributed in the upper reaches of rivers and areas with low population density. During the study period, the habitat quality first decreased and then increased, the carbon sequestration decreased, the soil conservation function and water purification function fluctuated, and the water conservation capacity increased year by year.

(2) In the study period, the total supply capacity of ecosystem services in Heilongjiang Province showed an increasing trend in general, but a decreasing trend in local areas, and the spatial differences became smaller. The total supply capacity of Heilongjiang Province increased slightly.

(3) The urbanization level of Heilongjiang Province has been continuously improved from 1995 to 2018, and according to the development speed of the urbanization level of Heilongjiang Province, it can be divided into three stages: slow development stage, rapid development stage and stable development stage. Finally, it is concluded that there is a phased correlation between the urbanization level and the comprehensive index of ecosystem services in Heilongjiang Province. In the first stage, from 1995 to 2003, the ecosystem services decreased with the increase of urbanization level. In the second stage, from 2003 to 2015, the comprehensive index of ecosystem services increased with the increase of urbanization level.

(4) The impacts of urbanization indicators on ecosystem services showed significant temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics. During the study period, the leading factors of urbanization of the comprehensive index of ecosystem service function were different in each year, but the effects of urbanization index on the comprehensive index of ecosystem service function of each county were mostly consistent in each year.

(5) Heilongjiang Province can be divided into eight types of ecological function areas. The Songnen Plain in the west is dominated by "Biological diversity carbon sequestration water purification focus on the prevention of ecological function zones". The northern Daxing 'anling is mainly "Biodiversity carbon sequestration water quality purification ecological function area". Most of the central Qingheishan Mountains and the Lesser Khingan Mountains are mainly "Optimal ecological function area", and the outer margin is "Relatively optimal ecological function areas". The "Key prevention and control functional areas" are mainly distributed in the populated areas in the eastern Sanjiang Plain. “The ecological function zones of water conservation and water purification” are mainly distributed in the middle and upper reaches of rivers.