当前，中小学生的身体素质和心理健康问题已成为全社会关注的焦点。为探究学生健康问题背后的原因，建立我国中小学生科学完整的体质健康监测与评价体系，本研究对中小学生体育锻炼习惯及其心理健康指标、中小学生体育锻炼习惯形成的学校因素----中小学的体育教育工作进行了调查分析，获得的主要结论有：（一）中小学生不同体育锻炼形式没有区域差异和性别差异，但学生参加个体锻炼的频次在中学和小学间的差异达到极其显著性，学生在小学阶段更愿意参加个体锻炼，而在中学阶段则较少以个体锻炼的形式进行体育活动。本次调查的两个区县中，有7.5%的学生从未参加任何的个体或团体体育活动，有23%的学生没有养成体育锻炼的习惯，这些学生从不锻炼或者极少锻炼。（二）中小学生的体育锻炼频次与其情绪和行为呈显著相关。极少锻炼组与经常锻炼组在主观幸福感、整体自尊和自信方面有极其显著差异，在生活满意度、焦虑和攻击行为得分上有显著差异。说明良好的体育锻炼习惯能促进和提高学生的心理健康水平。（三）中小学生体育锻炼习惯形成的学校因素如学校体育课时、课间及课外体育活动安排等体育教育工作表现出明显的区域差异和学校差异。城市化水平高、教学条件好的城区在体育教育工作方面要显著好于城市化水平低、教学条件差的远郊区。中学的体育教育工作明显好于小学。 科学完整的体质健康监测体系应该包含对学生体育锻炼习惯的调查，尽早设立常态性的全国调查以建立学生体育锻炼基础数据库极为迫切。学生体质健康监测工作如果能够与心理健康监测形成关联，其监测结果对帮助学校、家长以及社会树立正确的教育观和成长观将有更好的指导作用。

At present, students’ physical fitness and their mental health has became to be a serious social problem. The study aims to explore the reasons of this problem, establish the scientific assessment system of physical fitness. Primary and middle school students’ habit of physical activity and their mental health, school factors relevant to prompting the habit of primary and middle school students’ physical activity, are involved in this investigation. The conclusions are summarized as follows: There are no significant difference in areas and gender in types of primary and middle school students’ physical activity whereas significant differences are showed between middle schools and primary schools in the activity frequency. In this study, 7.5% students have never participated in any individual activity or team activity and 23% students do not have the habit of physical activity who could not meet the standard of physical activity.There is significant correlation between primary and middle school students’ activity frequency and their emotion & behavior. Also there is greatly significant difference between activity group and non-activity group in in well being, self-esteem and confidence. Also significant difference is showed in life satisfication, anxiety and aggression between these two groups, which indicated that good habit of physical activity could prompt their mental health.There are significant differences among areas and schools in the school factors relevant to prompting the habit of primary and middle school students’ physical activity including the duration of P.E classes, classes break involved in physical activity of and out-of-classes physical activity. The urban areas with better urbanization level and teaching condition show better P.E teaching than that of the suburb areas with lower urbanization level and teaching condition. Middle schools’ teaching is better than the primary schools.This study suggests that ：1) the investigation of students’ physical activity should be included in scientific system of assessment of physical activity; 2) it is urgent to establish the normal database of national students’ physical activity. Finally, it indicates that the assessment of physical fitness would be combined into the assessment of mental health, which could be beneficial to establish the correct view of education and development.