财产是人类社会发展历程中不可绕开的话题。尤其到了近代，伴随着市民社会的兴起和商品经济的发展，应时代要求，近代思想家们开始走上为私有财产神圣不可侵犯性辩护的道路。与这些思想家不同，马克思发现现代社会中普遍存在的贫困问题与私人对财产的独占现状有着密不可分的关联。因而马克思开始其“资本主义私有财产批判”与“未来社会财产形式构建”之路，进而建立起历史唯物主义视域下科学的财产理论体系。可以说，马克思财产理论的提出是近代财产理论探究道路上里程碑式的科学转向，其财产理论更是贯穿于其哲学、政治经济学乃至整个思想理论体系的重要内容。

随着现代化进程的加快，我国的社会财产和个人财产明显增加，马克思的财产理论成为顺应时代发展潮流需要被深刻讨论的内容。在过去的几年里，学界对于马克思财产理论的探讨不断被拓宽并加深，包括财产的界定、财产权批判理论、财富观、财产在原著中的翻译问题等走进许多学者的视野，但除此之外，仍有许多有关马克思财产理论的研究角度有待挖掘。因而，无论从实践上还是理论上，对于马克思财产理论的研究都是十分重要且必要的。本文立足于马克思经典文本，对马克思的财产理论进行总体考察，发掘马克思财产范畴之上承载的主客体关系与主体间关系，说明马克思认为的不同财产历史形式与人类社会发展进程之间的规律性联系，进而探究马克思对未来社会财产形式的科学设想。本文力图展现马克思财产理论的整体样貌与本质特征，并对马克思财产理论中所包含的几个重要问题进行分析与展开。

马克思对研究方法和叙述方法的运用是其财产理论构建的方法论前提，马克思财产理论研究的早期方法论转向及其后来的历史唯物主义方法运用进行展开，并探究伴随其研究方法转变的叙述方法转变历程，进而为马克思财产理论内容的展开提供方法论基础。同时马克思财产理论的成熟和体系化并非一蹴而就，它经历着由初步探索到系统构建的发展历程。随后将对马克思财产理论的形成过程进行梳理。马克思的财产理论贯穿于其思想理论发展整个过程之中，因而经历着从最初探索到初步建立，从历史唯物主义视域的开启到成熟并体系化的过程。在这一过程中，马克思将其财产理论贯穿于社会批判理论、社会发展形态说等，进而获得对于未来社会财产形式的科学构想，最终完成科学的财产理论的体系化。

对于马克思财产概念的正确理解是探究马克思财产理论的基础，因而本文的重点将围绕着马克思财产概念的本质特征及其界定展开。通过对几组财产有关概念的辨析，厘清马克思财产概念相关范畴之间的关系，进而对本文所要研究的“财产”进行界定；对马克思财产概念的几个特征进行说明，以明晰马克思财产概念的内涵与外延；对财产关系与生产关系之间的关系进行探究，展现马克思财产概念与过去思想家们财产概念本质上的不同，进而凸显马克思财产概念的历史唯物主义本质特征。

资本主义私有财产批判理论是马克思对财产理论进行探讨的重点内容，也是国内外学界关于马克思财产理论探讨较多的角度。马克思对于财产问题的科学回答始于对资本主义私有财产的探索与认识，他站在历史唯物主义视角，论证了私有财产存在与灭亡的历史必然性，进而说明由于资本主义私有财产关系背后隐藏着种种社会矛盾，因而资本主义私有财产形式必将被更高级的财产形式所代替。与此同时，马克思对财产理论的构建始于实现工人阶级和人类解放的探索，因而其理论指归必然导向对未来社会财产形式的构建。马克思曾认为股份制是资本扬弃的最适当甚至最高形式，但股份制仅仅作为资产阶级内部自我改良的形式而存在。想要真正实现共产主义，进入“自由个性”社会发展阶段，就要通过联合起来的个人共同占有财产的公有财产形式彻底取代资本主义私有财产形式，进而从根本上消除阻碍实现每个个人自由全面发展的因素。

Property is an inescapable topic in the course of human society development. Especially in modern times, with the rise of civil society and the development of commodity economy, modern thinkers began to defend the sanctity of private property in response to the requirements of the times. Unlike these thinkers, Marx found that the widespread poverty in modern society is inextricably linked to the status quo of private ownership of property. Therefore, Marx began his "critique of capitalist private property" and "construction of future social property forms", and then established a scientific theoretical system of property from the perspective of historical materialism. It can be said that the proposal of Marx's property theory is a landmark scientific turn on the road of modern property theory exploration, and his property theory is an important content running through his philosophy, political economy and even the whole system of his thought and theory.

With the acceleration of modernization, social property and personal property are increasing obviously. Marx's property theory needs to be discussed deeply to conform to the trend of times development. In the past few years, the discussion of academic circle on Marx's property theory has been broadened and deepened, including the definition of property, the critical theory of property rights, the view of wealth, the translation of property in the original work and so on. But in addition, there are still many research angles on Marx's property theory to be explored. Therefore, whether in practice or in theory, it is very important and necessary to study Marx's property theory. Based on Marx's classical texts, this paper makes an overall investigation of Marx's property theory, explores the subject-object relationship and the inter-subject relationship carried by Marx's property category, explains the regular connection between Marx's different historical forms of property and the development process of human society, and further explores Marx's scientific assumption on the future forms of social property. This paper tries to show the overall appearance and essential characteristics of Marx's property theory and to analyze and expand several important problems contained in Marx's property theory.

Marx's application of research method and narrative method is the methodological premise of his property theory construction, so the first will explore and explain Marx's research method and narrative method of property theory. This chapter will explore the early methodological turn of Marx's property theory research and the later application of historical materialism method, and explore the transformation process of narrative method accompanying the transformation of his research method, so as to provide a methodological basis for the development of Marx's property theory. The maturity and systematization of Marx's property theory is not achieved overnight but has experienced a development course from preliminary exploration to systematic construction. The second chapter will sort out the formation process of Marx's property theory. The property theory of Marx runs through the whole process of the development of his thought theory, so it goes through the process from the initial exploration to the preliminary establishment, from the opening of the historical materialism perspective to maturity and systematization. In this process, Marx integrated his property theory into the theory of social criticism and the theory of the form of social development, so as to obtain the scientific conception of the form of social property in the future, and finally completed the systematization of the scientific property theory.

The correct understanding of Marx's concept of property is the basis of exploring Marx's theory of property, so the most import part will focus on the essential characteristics of Marx's concept of property and its definition. Through the discrimination of several groups of property concepts, this paper clarifies the relationship between the relevant categories of Marx's concept of property, and then defines the "property" to be studied in this paper. In order to clarify the connotation and extension of Marx's concept of property, several characteristics of Marx's concept of property are explained. This paper probes into the relationship between property relations and production relations, shows the essential difference between Marx's concept of property and the past thinkers' concept of property, and then highlights the essential characteristics of historical materialism of Marx's concept of property .

The critical theory of capitalist private property is the focus of Marx's discussion on property theory, and also the angle from which the academic circles discuss Marx's property theory widely. Chapter four will explore several important problems in Marx's critical theory of capitalist private property. Marx's scientific answer to the problem of property started from the exploration and understanding of capitalist private property. He stood in the perspective of historical materialism, demonstrated the historical inevitability of the existence and demise of private property, and then explained that the capitalist private property form would be replaced by a more advanced form of property because of various social contradictions hidden behind the capitalist private property relations.Marx's construction of property theory starts from the exploration of realizing the working class and human emancipation, so his theory is bound to lead to the construction of the form of property in the future society. Marx once thought that joint-stock system was the most appropriate and even the highest form of capital self-sublation, but joint-stock system only existed as a form of self-improvement within the bourgeoisie. In order to truly realize communism and enter the stage of social development of "free personality", it is necessary to completely replace the capitalist private property form through the form of public property jointly owned by individuals, so as to fundamentally eliminate the factors hindering the realization of the free and comprehensive development of each individual.