1996年走马楼吴简出土，其中披露的大量孙吴时期长沙郡临湘侯国仓廪文书，即“州中仓”和“三州仓”收支账引起了广泛关注，学界据此对两仓的性质、功能及相关文书制度等方面作了不少有益的探讨。在这两处粮仓中，州中仓的地位更为引人注目：它从三州仓及临湘吏民手中接收大量粮米，又转而支出给长沙郡及其周边单位，在供给屯营军粮、发放官吏奉米等方面发挥着重要作用。有鉴于此，一些学者将其视作长沙郡之“郡仓”。州中仓出米简，即是该仓的支出明细，其中蕴含有不少重要的历史信息，通过对其进行集成、复原研究，有助于我们加深对孙吴、乃至汉晋时期的仓廪制度及粮食转运体系的认识，亦可藉此一窥在三国纷争的时代背景下，孙吴朝廷为应对外部战争压力，在财政、军事方面演生出的诸多新制，从而进一步思考孙吴国家治理的基本逻辑。

全文共分为五章。第一章首先从文书学角度，确认了州中仓出米简原本即是州中仓“月旦簿”（即月度收支报告）的重要组成部分。在此基础上，以出米简所载时间为线索，对州中仓月旦簿的编连、制作、收藏等问题展开讨论。此外，借助州中仓出米简与楬牌所载时间，还可发现吴简中州中仓月旦簿的时间下限止于嘉禾三年五月十五日。综合多种迹象，我们认为该日前后，临湘侯国在郎官使者的指挥下，对辖下仓库的历年账簿进行了一次文书集中检核行动。检核目的应是督促地方官府清缴吏民逋欠、增加财政收入，同时加强中央对于地方财政的控制。这种中央派遣郎官使者直接干预地方行政的行为，在当时屡见不鲜，吕壹就是其中典型。在附论一中，我们将其称之为“中使政治”，并对其产生背景及发展演变作了详细探讨。

第二章主要是州中仓出米简集成、复原结果展示。首先介绍了此前学者在出米简集成、复原方面取得的成绩，在此基础上，根据实际操作过程中总结的经验，拟定出米简复原的基本标准，为今后复原工作提供借鉴。最后，根据复原结果，总结出出米简格式共有三大类九小型，分别对应不同的出米用途及出米对象，为了解州中仓米支出结构、进而深入探讨州中仓基本性质奠定基础。

第三章主要是对仓米运输体系的探讨。在吴简中，三州仓至州中仓的运输，在嘉禾三年以前都是由船师/大男担任，他们是凭借私家船只以“僦载”为生的人群；而从州中仓运向集所（即潘濬征讨武陵蛮大营）的任务，主要是由监督都尉等军将承担，具体是由杝师操船，他们是单纯出卖劳力、领取佣直的船夫，与船师存在本质区别。因此，孙吴在荆南的运输是“军民接力”式的，这与两汉时期有所不同。这种体系可能对两晋南朝“度支校尉”制度有一定影响。值得注意的是，临湘侯国在嘉禾三年进行了一次运输改革：设置专门的“监运吏”主要负责三州仓-州中仓运段的运输，船师的出现频次大为减少。这项改革极大地提高了运输效率，增强了州中仓汲取属县仓米的能力，同时也规避了民间船师僦载的诸多弊端。

第四章试图回应学界争论已久的问题，即州中仓和三州仓的性质问题。通过对“通合类”出米简的复原，发现州中仓是一个具有“复合性质”的粮仓：该仓粮米根据不同来源，分别由相应属县之县吏分管，如“临湘仓吏”黄讳、潘虑，所管理的就是由临湘运来的租税限米，其他诸如“醴陵仓吏”“刘阳仓吏”等当亦如此，此外，还有“郡仓吏”监贤，他负责的应是性质特殊或直属于郡的一部分粮米。尽管各县对储于州中仓的粮米有一定管理权，但却无支配权。其最终支配权在长沙郡府及州中邸阁郎中。这表明州中仓就是由邸阁郎中主管的“郡仓”。而三州仓则是临湘侯国附近的仓，临湘县廷对其兼有管理权和支配权，表明该仓应是“县仓”性质，但其亦有邸阁郎中监临，说明郡在其中也可发挥相当作用。

第五章主要关注一类特殊的出米简，它兼具三州仓出米简和州中仓出米简的格式特征，经过辨析，可知这类出米简是督军粮都尉指示三州仓，向潘濬所率留屯吏士支付稟直的记录。这些留屯吏士并未随潘濬远征武陵，而是留驻在临湘都乡附近负责警戒任务，所以由临湘“县仓”三州仓就地供给。以此为线索，又对这处屯营的战略地位、屯营规模、屯营管理及吏士家庭生活等诸方面作了详细探讨，以此深化了对孙吴兵户日常生活状态的认识。此外，本章还对吴简中出现的“郡士”一并作了考察，并将其与“留屯吏士”对比，指出在魏晋时期兵户制下，“营居兵户”与“郡县兵户”在廪食供应、户籍管理等方面存在的诸多差异。在该章附论中，以探讨吴简中“习射”身分为契机，对孙吴兵制也作了一定程度的复原。

ABSTRACT

In 1996, Zoumalou Wu Jian (走马楼吴简) was unearthed, and a large number of granary documents of Linxiang Hou Guo (临湘侯国) in Changsha(长沙) County during the Sun Wu period were disclosed, that is, the "Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓)" and "Sanzhou Cang(三州仓)" income and expenditure accounts, which attracted widespread attention. Many useful discussions have been made on the function of the granary and the official document system. Among the two granaries, the status of the Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) is more conspicuous: it receives a large amount of cereals from Sanzhou Cang(三州仓)and the people of Linxiang, and then spends it on Changsha(长沙) County and its surrounding units. It plays an important role in distributing military rations to military camps and distributing salaries to officials. In view of this, some scholars regard it as the "Jun Cang(郡仓)"of Changsha(长沙) County. The "Zhouzhong Cang Chu Mi Jian(州中仓出米简)"are the details of the expenditure of this granary, which contains a lot of important historical information. By integrating and restoring it, it will help us to deepen our understanding of the granary system of Sun Wu and even the Han and Jin Dynasties. And the understanding of the cereals transshipment system, it can also take a glimpse of the many new systems in the financial and military aspects of the Sun Wu court in response to the external war pressure in the context of the Three Kingdoms conflict, so as to further think about the basics of Sun Wu state governance logic.

The article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter firstly confirms from the literary point of view that the cereals expenditure records of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) were originally an important part of the "Yue Dan Bu(月旦簿)" (the monthly income and expenditure report). On this basis, taking the time recorded in the cereals expenditure record as a clue, the production and collection of "Zhouzhong Cang Yue Dan Bu(州中仓月旦簿)" are discussed. In addition, with the help of the time recorded in the cereals expenditure records of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) and "Jie Pai(楬牌)", it can also be found that the lower limit of the time for cereals expenditure records of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) ends on May 15, the third year of Jiahe. Based on various indications, we believe that around that day, under the command of the emperor's envoy, Linxiang Hou Guo (临湘侯国) conducted a centralized inspection of the granary account books. The purpose of the inspection should be to urge local officials to pay off the people's debts, increase fiscal revenue, and at the same time strengthen the central government's control over local finances. This kind of behavior of the central government dispatching official envoys to directly intervene in local administration was not uncommon at that time, and Lv Yi(吕壹)was a typical example. In Supplement 1, we call it "Zhong Shi Zheng Zhi(中使政治)", and discuss its background and development in detail.

The second chapter mainly shows the restoration results. Firstly, the achievements made by scholars in the restoration of bamboo slips are introduced. On this basis, according to the experience summed up in the actual operation process, the basic standards for the restoration of bamboo slips are drawn up to provide reference for future work. Finally, according to the restoration results, three major categories and nine sub-categories are summarized, which correspond to different expenditure purposes and expenditure objects, which lays the foundation for understanding the expenditure structure of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) and in-depth discussion of the basic nature of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓).

The third chapter mainly discusses the cereals transportation system in the granary. In Zoumalou Wu Jian (走马楼吴简), the transportation from Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) to Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) was carried out by "Chuanshi(船师）/Danan(大男)" before the third year of Jiahe(嘉禾) ,who made a living by leasing boats with private boats.The task of transporting from Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) to the military camp (General Pan Jun's camp) is mainly undertaken by generals such as Jianyunduwei(监运都尉). Specifically, the "Yishi(杝师)" are responsible for driving the boats. They are boatmen who simply sell their labor and receive commissions. There is an essential difference between "Chuanshi(船师)" and "Yishi(杝师)". Therefore, Sun Wu's transportation system in southern Jingzhou(荆州) was of "military-civilian relay", which was different from the Han Dynasty. This system may have a certain influence on the system of "Duzhiduwei(度支都尉)" in the Jin and Southern Dynasties. It is worth noting that Linxiang Hou Guo (临湘侯国) carried out a transportation reform in the three years of Jiahe(嘉禾): a special "transportation officer" was set up to be mainly responsible for the transportation of the Sanzhou Cang(三州仓)-Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) section, and the frequency of the appearance of the ship division was greatly reduced. This reform has greatly improved the efficiency of transportation, enhanced the ability of the prefecture's granary to absorb the cereals from the county's granary, and at the same time avoided many disadvantages of the "Chuanshi(船师)".

Chapter 4 attempts to respond to a long-debated issue in the academic community, namely the nature of the Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) and Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓). Through the restoration of the "Tonghelei(通合类)" cereals expenditure records of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓), it can be seen that the nature of Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) is more complicated. According to different sources, the cereals in this granary are respectively managed by county officials of the corresponding counties, such as "Linxiang Cangli(临湘仓吏)" Huang Hui(黄讳) and Pan Lv(潘虑), who manage the cereals shipped from Linxiang(临湘). The same should be true of the "Liling Cangli(醴陵仓吏)" and "Liuyang Cangli(刘阳仓吏)". In addition, there are "Jun Cangli(郡仓吏)" Jian Xian(监贤), who should be in charge of a part of cereals of special nature or directly belonging to the county. Although the counties have certain management rights over the cereals stored in the state granarys, they have no control rights. Its ultimate control right is in Changsha(长沙) County and the Zhouzhong Dige(州中邸阁). This indicates that the prefectural granary is the "Jun Cang(郡仓)" under the supervision of Dige Langzhong(邸阁郎中). The Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) is a granary near Linxiang(临湘), and the Linxiang(临湘) county court has both management and control rights over it, indicating that the granary should be a county granary. However, the Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) was also supervised by Dige Langzhong(邸阁郎中), indicating that the county could also play a considerable role in it.

The fifth chapter mainly focuses on a special type of cereals expenditure record, which has the format characteristics of the Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) and Zhouzhong Cang(州中仓) cereals expenditure record. After analysis, it can be seen that this kind of cereals expenditure record of paying the "Liutunlishi(留屯吏士)" led by Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) to Pan Jun(潘濬). These "Liutunlishi(留屯吏士)" did not go on an expedition to Wuling(武陵) County with Pan Jun(潘濬), but stayed near Linxiang(临湘) to be responsible for guarding tasks, so the "Xian Cang(县仓)" Sanzhou Cang(三州仓) in Linxiang(临湘) supplied food on the spot. Taking this as a clue, we have made a detailed discussion on the strategic position of this camp, the scale of the camp, the management of the camp and the family life of the soldiers, so as to deepen the understanding of the daily life of the soldiers of Sun Wu. In addition, this chapter also investigates the "junshi(郡士)" appearing in Wu Jian(吴简), and compares them with the "Liutunlishi(留屯吏士)", pointing out that under the military household system in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "Yingju Binghu(营居兵户)" are different from "Junxian Binghu(郡县兵户)". There are many differences between county soldiers and households in terms of food supply and household registration management. At the end of this chapter, based on the discussion of "Xishe(习射)" in Wu Jian(吴简), the military system of Sun Wu has also been restored to a certain extent.