本博士学位论文的题目是“跨文化《老子》俄语翻译研究”。

“老子”两个汉字，在现代汉语符号和标点符号体系中，加书名号为中国古代大哲学家老子所写的五千言著作，不加书名号则是写出五千言经典的作者老子。在古代汉语中，老子的著作，有时单称《老子》，有时单称《道德经》，有时又合称为《老子道德经》，还有《老子五千文》等名称。为了简便，本论文使用《老子》之称。

《老子》是中华文化典籍中的最伟大最重要的瑰宝，迄今已被译成了世界上73种语言。其中，英语452种，德语158种，法语91种，俄语翻译《老子》的数量也颇为壮观，自1828年《老子》首次完整俄译本出现至今，其俄译本数量已达42种。

本论文的论题范围设定在俄语《老子》翻译的范畴之内，但是，考虑到相当一部分俄文译本是重复译本，因此，本论文在42种俄译本中选出20种具有代表性的俄语译文为核心研究对象。我们依照“道法自然”的原理，按本论文自然形成的次序展开讨论。我们将次第讨论：1.论题缘起；2.俄译《老子》概要；3.八十一章《老子》重要词句的俄译问题，4.贯通《老子》实词词类、虚词词类、词类活用的俄语翻译问题。我们认为俄译《老子》研究应该全面而细致，因此，本论文讨论第3个问题的篇幅较为庞大，虽有违匀称，亦是“道法自然”。

本论文还有另一目标，那就是将《老子》翻译成本国语言——吉尔吉斯语，将其放在附录中，填补《老子》外译的空白。

以下是本论文的结构：

引言：论文选题缘起。

绪论：

主要讨论：《老子》在世界的影响力和俄语翻译《老子》的盛况，《老子》俄语翻译的历史分期，《老子》俄语译本的出版和影响力，《老子》俄语译者的身份，俄罗斯的《老子》研究等概要性问题。

第一章 俄译《老子》重要概念的俄语翻译研究

对《老子》20种有代表性译文中的概念、汉语表达格式、汉语文化词、语、句的俄语翻译进行纵贯性比较研究。对《老子》抽象概念的俄语翻译及问题、《老子》哲学思想的俄语翻译及问题进行了较为详细的研究。基于汉语的独特品质，对俄译文的翻译策略、词语选择、语言风格等问题进行解读、阐释、整理。

第二章 《老子·道经》重要词句的俄译集释与考辨

我们遵行《老子》划分传统将我们的讨论也分为上、下两部。此章对应《老子》的“道篇”。我们选择《老子》俄译本中20种有代表性译文作为比较分析对象，按《老子》八十一的顺序，逐章横向对比，并对其重要词语的俄译进行考辨。讨论各个翻译者的处理，探索其中的问题。我们采用《老子河上公注》注释本为八十一章设立的标题作为本论文设目，分为“体道第一”、“养身第二”、“安民第三”等等。另外，为了述论方便，我们将八十一章略为集束，模仿中国的《诗经》“雅”、“颂”的编辑体例，以“十”为单位，在《老子》文本和俄译文本八十一章的基础上，将本章分为：“‘道可道’之什”、“‘三十辐’之什”、“‘孔德之容’之什”、“‘夫兵者’之七章”四个集束。

第三章 《老子·德经》重要词句的俄译集释与考辨

此章对应《老子》的“德篇”，我们将本章分为：“‘上士闻道’之什”、“‘道生之’之什”、“‘大邦者下流’之什”、“‘知不知’之什（加一）”、“‘上德不德’之三章”五个集束。本论文的第三章、第四章是论文主体，将对俄罗斯语境中的《老子》俄译本进行系统研究，揭示俄国译者翻译《老子》的具体境况。

本论文的第二章、第三章是逐章“横断面”的《老子》俄译比较研究，是本论文的主要部分，所占篇幅较大。

第四章 汉语的“非葛朗玛”性质与俄语的“葛朗玛”的语言问题

第四章主要探讨汉语“非葛朗玛”性质、俄语语法中的词类范畴、汉语“词无定类”、汉语兼类词及词类活用的翻译问题，以及《老子道德经》的词类—实词和虚词。

第五章 《老子》实词词类的语言学及俄语翻译问题的例析

第五章对《老子》实词词类的语言学及俄语翻译问题进行分析。本论文将对《老子》的词类—实词和虚词、《老子》名词、动词、代词、形容词、代词语言学及俄语翻译问题进行分析。

第六章《老子》虚词词类的语言学及俄语翻译问题的例析

第六章是《老子》虚词词类的俄语翻译问题的研究，本论文将分析《老子》俄译本处理副词、连词、介词、助词、语气词、拟声词的方式，从而总结《老子》虚词词类的俄语翻译特点。

附录：《老子》一书尚无吉尔吉斯语译本，为填补这一空白，本论文尝试用吉尔吉斯语翻译《老子》。《老子》吉尔吉斯语译本以通行的王弼本为底本，并参照河上公本、傅奕本、范应元本等其他传世本，以及楼宇烈的《老子道德经注校释》、朱谦之的《老子校释》、刘笑敢的《老子古今》、陈鼓应的《老子注释及评介》以及《老子今注今译》等书。本论文完成《老子》全八十一章的吉尔吉斯语翻译，《老子》吉尔吉斯语翻译以直译为主。（请见附录）

The two Chinese characters "Lao Tzu", in the system of Chinese symbols and punctuation marks, add the title of the book to the five thousand-character works written by the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu, and without the title of the book means Lao Tzu, the author of the five thousand-character classics. In the context of ancient Chinese, Lao Tzu's works are sometimes called "Lao Tzu " alone, sometimes "Tao Te Ching", sometimes collectively called "Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching", and "Five Thousand Essays of Lao Tzu" and so on. For the sake of simplicity, this thesis uses "Lao Tzu" as its work.

"Lao Tzu" is the greatest and most important treasure among the classics of Chinese culture, and has been translated into 73 languages in the world so far. Among them, there are 452 in English, 158 in German, and 91 in French. Since the first complete Russian translation of “Lao Tzu” in 1828, the "Lao Tzu" Russian translations has reached 42.

The scope of this thesis is set within the territory of the translation of the Russian "Lao Tzu". However, considering that a considerable part of the Russian "Lao Tzu" translations are repeated translations, 20 of the 42 Russian translations are representative. The Russian translation of is the core research object. In accordance with the principle of “Tao by the Self-so”, we discuss in the order of the natural formation of this paper. Discussions are in order: 1. The origin of the topic; 2. The summary of the Russian translation of "Lao Tzu"; 3. The Russian translation of important words and sentences in "Lao Tzu" all chapters; 4. The Russian translation of the important concepts and concepts of the full text of "Lao Tzu"; 5. The relationship between Taoism and Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz translation of "Lao Tzu". We believe that the study of the Russian translation of "Lao Tzu" should be comprehensive and detailed. Therefore, the third question in this thesis is extremely large. We intend to have the characteristics of the research object "Lao Tzu" in terms of language, rhetoric, and composition.

Another goal of this thesis is to translate " Lao Tzu " into the Kyrgyz language, and include it in the appendix to fill the gap in the foreign translation of " Lao Tzu ".

The following is the structure of this thesis:

Introduction: The origin of the topic of the thesis.

The main points of the Russian translation of “Lao Tzu”. Main discussions: the influence of “Lao Tzu” in the world and the grand occasion of the Russian translation of “Lao Tzu”, the historical stages of the Russian translation of “Lao Tzu”, the publication and influence of the Russian translation of “Lao Tzu”, the identity of the Russian translator of “Lao Tzu”, Summary issues such as the study of “Lao Tzu” in Russia.

The first chapter a longitudinal study of the important concepts in the Russian translation of Lao Tzu.

Conduct a longitudinal comparative study on the Russian translation of Chinese cultural words, phrases and sentences such as concepts, Chinese expressions, Lao Tzu philosophy in 20 representative translations of " Lao Tzu ". The Russian translation and problems of the abstract concepts of Lao Tzu, the Russian translation and problems of Lao Tzu 's non-Grandma language, and the Russian translation and problems of Lao Tzu 's philosophical thoughts are studied in detail. In view of these unique qualities of Chinese, the translation strategy, word choice, language style and other issues of the Russian translation are interpreted, explained and sorted out.

The second chapter，Interpretation of important words and sentences of "Lao Tzu Dao" in Russian Translation

We follow the tradition of chapter division in "Lao Tzu" and divide into the upper and lower chapters. We choose 20 representative translations in the Russian translation of "Lao Tzu" as the object of comparative analysis, compare them horizontally chapter by chapter according to the order of the eighty-one chapters of "Lao Tzu", and conduct textual research on the Russian translations of important words. Discuss the treatment of various translators and explore the problems involved. We adopt the title of Chapter 81 of “Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching He Shang Gong Zhang Ju” for the eighty-one chapters. In addition, for the convenience of discussion, we group the eighty-one chapters slightly, imitating the Chinese. The editing style of “Ya” and “Song” in “The Book of Songs” takes “ten” as the unit, divides the text of “Lao Tzu” and the Russian translation on the basis of eighty-one chapters.

The third chapter, Interpretation of important words and Sentences of "Lao Tzu·De" in Russian Translation. The chapter three and four is the main exposition of this thesis. It will systematically study the Russian translation of "Lao Tzu" in the Russian context and reveal how Russian translators translated "Lao Tzu". The chapter-by-chapter “cross-section” comparative study of the Russian translation of "Lao Tzu" is the main part of this thesis, and it takes up a lot of space.

The fourth chapter, The Nature of "Non-Grammar" in Chinese and the Linguistic Problems of "Grammar" in Russian

The fourth chapter mainly discusses the nature of Chinese "non-Grandma", the Russian "Grandma" system, Chinese "words without definite categories", the translation of Chinese concurrent words and the flexible use of parts of speech, and the categories of speech in Laozi Tao Te Ching: real words and function words.

The fifth chapter, The Linguistics of Parts of Speech of Content Words in "Lao Tzu" and the Example Analysis of Russian Translation

The fifth chapter analyzes the linguistics and Russian translation of content words in "Lao Tzu". This thesis will analyze the parts of speech in "Lao Tzu": content words and function words, nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, pronoun linguistics and Russian translation of "Lao Tzu".

The six chapter, The Linguistics of Parts of Speech of Function Words in Laozi and Examples of Russian Translation

The six chapter is the research on the Russian translation of the function word parts of "Lao Tzu". This thesis will analyze the way in which the Russian version of "Lao Tzu" deals with adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, particles, modal particles, and onomatopoeia, so as to summarize the function word parts of "Lao Tzu", features of the Russian translation.

Appendix: The book "Lao Tzu" has not yet been translated into Kyrgyz language in Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, this paper attempts to fill this gap by translating "Lao Tzu" in Kyrgyz language. This thesis selects the Kyrgyz translation of "Lao Tzu"  based on the commonly used Wang Bi edition, and references other passed down editions such as the Heshang Gongben, Fu Yiben, Fan Yingyuan edition, as well as books such as Lou Yulie's "Annotations and Interpretations of Lao Tzu Daode Jing", Zhu Qianzhi's "Annotations and Interpretations of "Lao Tzu" , Liu Xiaogan's "Ancient and Modern Times of "Lao Tzu" , Chen Guying's "Annotations and Commentaries of "Lao Tzu" , and "Translations of "Lao Tzu"s Current Annotations and Interpretations". This paper completes the Kyrgyz language translation of the entire 81 chapters of "Lao Tzu", with the Kyrgyz language translation of "Lao Tzu" mainly focused on literal translation.