作为公益信托的一种，慈善信托适用我国《信托法》及《慈善法》的规定。《慈善法》规定委托人可自行根据需要设立慈善信托监察人，虽然搭建了慈善信托监察人的制度框架，但其具体内容过于简略，严重桎梏了慈善信托的具体运行。文章利用了比较分析，价值分析和实证分析的研究方法。通过对比英美和日韩两国及台湾地区的监察人制度，结合我国目前慈善信托运行当中存在的特殊问题，总结出慈善信托监察人制度的构建应当全面贯彻对受益人受益权的维护及对信托财产的保护，以此为基础确立慈善信托监察人的设立、变更和解除条件，构建慈善信托监察人的权利义务和责任体系，为完善我国慈善信托监察人制度提出可行性措施。

全文分为引言、正文和结语，其中正文分三个部分共计五章。

正文第一部分为第一章，介绍了慈善信托监察人制度的基础理论。该部分首先通过对比英国和我国法律中的慈善信托概念，阐明了慈善信托与公益信托的从属关系，界定了本文所认定的慈善信托概念，并进一步探究了慈善信托监察人的分类，为下一步具体研究监察人制度打下基础。文章随后分析了监察人制度存在的基本功能，从而明确设置慈善信托监察人的意义。

正文第二部分为第二章和第三章，结合对国外慈善信托监察人制度的立法考察，详细的论述了慈善信托监察人制度的具体内容。

正文第二章论述了慈善信托监察人制度的设立及退出制度。理论上，为保护慈善信托中不特定多数受益人的利益和公共利益，强制设立监察人是最佳选择。但由于操作的复杂性、高昂的成本以及从推动慈善信托市场发展的立场考虑，我国慈善法将这一制度变为依据信托文件自由设立。信托财产的收益性和慈善信托的公益性，要求监察人具有一定的专业能力，完整的民事行为能力，并且信托当事人及信托受托人的利害关系人也不能担任监察人。当慈善信托存在共同监察人时，应明确其议事规则为共同一致或简单多数原则。对于监察人的变更，因为公益性，监察人的辞职不可随意为之，需经监管机构的许可。当监察人死亡、失踪或丧失民事行为能力，被宣告破产，经解散或被撤销以及违法犯罪时，其职务当然终止。因监察人缺乏专业能力或因怠于履职导致信托财产损失时，也可以经程序申请解除监察人的职务。在解除其职务后，则依据新监察人的选任方式，重新选择。

正文第三章论述了慈善信托监察人的权利义务体系。慈善信托监察人是受益权及信托财产的管理权人，因此有权代表委托人和受益人行使相关权利，其权利包括委托人全部的监督权且有权以自己的名义为实现慈善信托的慈善目的行使与受益人权利相关的一切诉讼行为或其他法律行为。主要包括监督受托人的权利，监督信托管理和信托财产的权利，对损害信托财产的行为提出救济的权利，请求清偿因履职而产生的费用的权利。同时，权利和义务是相伴相随的，对于监察人而言，主要有忠实义务、注意义务和报告义务。

正文第三部分为第四章和第五章，分析我国慈善信托监察人制度的现状并提出了相应的完善建议。

正文第四章分析了我国慈善信托监察人制度的现状。从立法上看，目前我国的慈善信托监察人制度仅规定了基本框架，并不完善。立法上允许监察人依据信托文件自由设立，规定了其具有诉权、知情权和认可权，同时应负担报告义务。从实践上看，慈善法实施后慈善信托特别是中小慈善信托得以迅速发展，设立监察人的慈善信托占慈善信托总体规模的比例较小，监察人的类型以专业服务机构为主。虽看似慈善信托监察人在实践中用处不足，但细查可知，慈善信托监察人在大型信托中仍然保持稳定增长。结合立法和实践情况可知，我国的慈善信托监察人制度存在任职资格不明确，缺乏冲突解决规则，权利规定过于笼统，应尽义务不明确，责任不明等问题。

正文第五章提出了完善我国慈善信托监察人制度的建议。针对第四章我国立法和实践中存在的问题，结合理论考察，我们应当从监察人的设立、权利、义务和责任全方位下手，力求完善制度性的规定。应当采取强制设立和自由设立相结合的原则，明确慈善信托监察人的任职资格、设立方式，并制定共同监察人的议事规则。明确慈善信托监察人的变更条件，解除条件以及新监察人的选任方式，合理配置监察人的权利和义务关系，同时确认其应承担责任的具体方式。

As a kind of public trust, charitable trust is governed by trust law and charity law of China. According to the charity law, the settlor can set up the charity trust supervisor on his own according to the needs. Although the system framework of the charity trust supervisor has been set up, its specific content is too brief, which seriously restricts the specific operation of the charity trust. This paper uses comparative analysis, value analysis and empirical analysis. By comparing the supervisor systems in Britain, America, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, combined with the special problems existing in the operation of charitable trust in China, this paper concludes that the construction of the supervisor system of charitable trust should fully implement the maintenance of the beneficiary's beneficial right and the protection of the trust property, and on this basis, establish the conditions for the establishment, change and dissolution of the supervisor of charitable trust, and construct charity The system of rights, obligations and responsibilities of trust supervisors puts forward feasible measures to improve the system of charitable trust supervisors in China.

The full text is divided into the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The main body is divided into three parts, five chapters in total.

The first part of the text is the first chapter, which introduces the basic theory of charitable trust supervisor system. In this part, first of all, by comparing the concept of charitable trust in common law and Chinese law, the subordinate relationship between charitable trust and public trust is clarified, the concept of charitable trust identified in this paper is defined, and the classification of charitable trust supervisors is further explored, which will help the next specific study of the supervisor system. The article then analyzes the basic functions of the existence of the supervisor system, so as to clarify the significance of setting up the charitable trust supervisor.

The second part of the text is the second chapter and the third chapter. Combined with the legislative investigation of the foreign charitable trust supervisor system, it discusses the specific content of the charitable trust supervisor system in detail.

The second chapter discusses the establishment and withdrawal of charitable trust supervisor system. In theory, in order to protect the interests and public interests of the unspecified majority of beneficiaries in charitable trusts, it is the best choice to force the establishment of supervisors. However, due to the complexity of operation, high cost and from the perspective of promoting the development of charitable trust market, China's charity law changes this system into a free establishment based on trust documents. The profitability of the trust property and the public welfare of the charitable trust require the supervisor to have certain professional ability and complete civil capacity, and the interested parties of the trust parties and the trust trustee cannot act as the supervisor. When there are co supervisors in charitable trusts, it should be clear that the rules of procedure are the principle of common consensus or simple majority. For the change of supervisors, because of the public welfare, the resignation of supervisors can not be done at will, and it needs the permission of the regulatory authority. When the supervisor is dead, missing or incapacitated, declared bankrupt, disbanded or revoked, or commits an illegal crime, his / her position will be terminated. In case of loss of trust property due to the supervisor's lack of professional ability or negligence in performing his duties, he may also apply for the removal of the supervisor's duties through procedures. After the removal of the post, the new supervisor shall be re selected according to the selection method of the new supervisor.

The third chapter discusses the rights and obligations system of charitable trust supervisors. The supervisor of charitable trust is the administrator of beneficial right and trust property, so he has the right to exercise relevant rights on behalf of the client and beneficiary, so his rights include all the supervision rights of the client, and he has the right to exercise all litigation or other legal acts related to the beneficiary's rights in his own name to realize the charitable purpose of charitable trust. It mainly includes the right to supervise the trustee, the trust management and the trust property, the right to put forward relief for the damage to the trust property, and the right to claim for paying off the expenses arising from the performance of duties. At the same time, rights and obligations are accompanied. For supervisors, they mainly have the duties of loyalty, attention and reporting.

The third part of the text is the fourth and fifth chapter, which analyzes the current situation of China's charitable trust supervisor system and puts forward corresponding suggestions for improvement.

The fourth chapter analyzes the current situation of China's charitable trust supervisor system. In terms of legislation, the current charitable trust supervisor system in China only provides the basic framework and is not perfect. In legislation, supervisors are allowed to set up freely according to trust documents, which stipulates that they have the right to sue, the right to know and the right to recognize, and should bear the obligation of reporting. In practice, charitable trusts, especially small and medium-sized charitable trusts, have developed rapidly after the implementation of the charity law. The proportion of charitable trusts with supervisors in the overall scale of charitable trusts is relatively small, and the types of supervisors are mainly professional service institutions. Although it seems that charitable trust supervisors are not useful enough in practice, it can be seen from a detailed investigation that charitable trust supervisors are still growing steadily in large trusts. According to the legislation and practice, there are some problems in China's charitable trust supervisor system, such as unclear qualifications, lack of conflict resolution rules, too general rights, unclear obligations and responsibilities.

The fifth chapter of the text puts forward suggestions to improve the system of charitable trust supervisor in China. In view of the problems existing in the legislation and practice of the fourth chapter, combined with the theoretical investigation, we should start from the establishment, rights, obligations and responsibilities of supervisors, and strive to improve the institutional provisions. The principle of combination of compulsory establishment and free establishment should be adopted to clarify the qualifications and establishment methods of charitable trust supervisors, and to formulate the rules of procedure for joint supervisors. To make clear the conditions for the change of the supervisor of charitable trust, the conditions for the cancellation and the way for the selection of the new supervisor, to reasonably allocate the rights and obligations of the supervisor, and to confirm the specific ways for the supervisor to bear the responsibilities.