生态语言学视角下中美环境公报的批评话语分析 摘 要 近几十年来，全球人口的快速增长，社会经济发展的需要，不合理资源的开发以及人类活动造成的环境污染，对生态环境造成了前所未有的破坏。生态环境的恶化使人们渴望和谐的生态环境，不同学科的学者积极寻求防治环境进一步恶化的方法，使生态学研究成为了一个跨学科的课题。 在生态学语言学领域，语言学家们专注于语言如何在环境中发挥作用以及如何使语言更恰当的用于表示自然生态系统和生态关系。在所有的生态语篇中，政府环境公报一方面发挥并加强了国家权力机关对政府环境保护工作的监督作用，另一方面可以将已经实施的行之有效的环保工作经验制度化并予以推广，对环境保护起着重要作用。然而关于政府环境公报的语篇分析研究却很少见，本文从这一角度出发，采用Halliday的系统功能语法和Norman Fairclough的批评话语分析三维模型作为理论框架，以Arran Stibbe的生态哲学作为哲学基础，结合定性和定量的研究方法从生态学角度建立了环境公报语篇生态批评分析的模型，并选取2013-2015年中国环境保护部和美国环境保护局年度环境报告作为样本，以此模型进行了生态话语批判分析。通过比较研究，发现了两国在环境公报语言方面存在的异同，揭示了其隐含的意识形态和生态观念。主要研究结果如下： 首先，中国环境保护部和美国环境保护署的环境公报存在很多相似的语言特征。第一，环境状况描述和政府措施行动两部分内容因其语言功能不同表现出不同的语言特征，环境状况的描述运用关系过程体现了客观性的语言功能，但也将人和政府的对环境状况的影响从中分离出来，一定程度上弱化了人类活动对环境造成的污染。政府措施行动的解释主要运用物质过程体现，展示出政府在环境保护进程中采取的各种措施和发挥的积极作用，同时也体现出因政府举措环境保护事业取得的进展。第二，在环境公报语篇中，情态动词和情态化现象均很少被运用，对比研究发现美国环境署运用情态动词的比率略高于中国环境保护部。在环境状况描述中，情态动词和情态化的出现会降低对现状描述的客观性，而在政府措施与行动中运用则削弱了政府行为的力度和效度。因此在两国环境公报中均较少出现，体现出政府建立公开透明的形象的目标以及通过环境公报增加政府公信力和执行力的目的。第三，名词化现象在环境污染指标和环境污染事件的描述中被大量运用，将环境本身描述成成为污染事件中的主动角色，弱化了人类活动和政府作为在环境污染中扮演的角色，减弱了人类和政府应该承担的重要责任。 其次，中国环境保护部和美国环境保护署的环境公告在语言特征和表达的意识形态方面存在不同。第一，美国环境保护署的环境公报以环保项目为线索，物质过程的运用比例高于中国环境保护部，突出了其推进环境保护的积极态度和取得的进展。中国环境保护部公报关系过程运用比例远高于美国环境保护署的公报。通过详细的数据中国环保部的公报详细全面地展示了当前中国的环境状况，并阐述了政府的成就和已采取、将采取的措施和行动。第二，信息来源方面，美国环境署的公报以其环保项目的推进情况为线索，环境保护状况的描述均有数据支撑，但数据来源大多仍为自身。相比之下，中国环境保护部在每一年报告后面都特别注明没想数据的来源及年份，保证数据的可信度，增强了环境状况描述的准确性和客观性。 研究还发现，政府环境公报虽然提倡保护环境，但其背后却是由人类中心主义支撑，即人类是站在自己的角度去衡量周围事物的价值，而这从根本上并不利于环境问题的改善，同样也不能真正提高人类的环保意识。所以，读者在阅读文本时，应提高自身的批评性思维，提高对语言所暗含意识形态的敏感性本文旨在通过生态批评话语分析揭露不符合现代生态观念的语言现象，呼唤人们的生态意识，唤起人们对自然的责任和义务，努力引导合理正确的对待自然的态度和方法。同时该研究也为从语言的角度解决环境问题做出了进一步的努力，并从语言学角度对环境公报语篇提出了一些建议，使其更加符合现代生态观念，为环境保护事业发挥应有的重要作用。

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS OF CHINA AND US FROM THE ECOLINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT In recent decades, the rapid growth of the global population, the need for social and economic development, the exploitation of unreasonable resources, and the environmental pollution have caused unprecedented damage to the ecological environment. The deterioration of the ecological environment makes people long for a harmonious ecological environment, and scholars of different disciplines are actively seeking ways to prevent and control further deterioration, research on ecology have become an interdisciplinary field. In the interdisciplinary field where ecology and linguistics are connected, linguists focus on how language works in the environment and how to make language more suitable to represent the natural ecosystem and ecological relationships. Among all the ecological discourses, annual environmental reports of governments have the function of strengthening the supervision of the state authorities on the government’s environmental protection work. Furthermore, it can institutionalize and thus promote the effective environmental protection measures and experience that have already been implemented. However, few linguists studied environmental reports, so from the perspective of ecolinguistics, this thesis conducted a critical discourse analysis of the environmental reports of China and US. Through the comparative studies, linguistic similarities and differences in the environmental reports of the two countries are presented, and their implicit ideology and ecological concepts are revealed. In this thesis, the author employs Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar and Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis as theoretical framework and Arran Stibbe’s ecosophy as the philosophical foundation, establishing an analytical model for environmental report discourse from ecolinguistic perspective. With both qualitative and quantitative research method, the annual environmental reports of Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC and Environmental Protection Agency of US from 2013 to 2015 were selected as the samples. The main findings are as follows: On the one hand, there are many similar linguistic features in the annual environmental reports of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC and Environmental Protection Agency of US. First, in the environmental reports, the chapters of description of environmental conditions and the chapters of government actions and measures show different linguistic features due to their different linguistic functions. The massive use of relational processes and extensive use of nominalization in the description of the environment conditions places the emphasis on the factual statistics and weakens the impacts of people and government to the environment condition. The explanation of government actions and measures mainly uses the material process to demonstrate the various measures taken and the active role played by the government in the process of environmental protection. Secondly, in the environmental reports, modal verbs and modality are rarely used. The comparative studies of this thesis have found that the Environmental Protection Agency of US uses a slightly higher ratio of modal verbs than the Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC in their environmental reports. In the description of environmental conditions, modal verbs and modality will reduce the objectivity of the description of the status quo, therefore, they are rarely found in the environmental reports of both countries, which also indicates government’s goal to establish an open and transparent image to the public, and in addition to increase government’s credibility through environmental reports. On the other hand, the annual environmental reports of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC and Environmental Protection Agency of US also have different linguistic features to express different ideologies. First, the environmental reports of Environmental Protection Agency of US followed the development progress of environmental protection projects. The proportion of material processes used is higher than that of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the PRC, highlighting its positive attitude and great progress in promoting environmental protection. The proportion of the relational process used by Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC is much higher than that of the Environmental Protection Agency of US. Secondly, with regard to the discursive practice of information, the environmental reports of Environmental Protection Agency of US is based on environmental protection projects of its own, thus the sources of the data are still their own. In contrast, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, specifically noted the sources and years of data after every report. It ensured the credibility of the data and enhanced the accuracy and objectivity of the description of environmental conditions. The study shows that although the environmental reports advocate to protect the environment, there is anthropocentrism under them. Ideology of anthropocentrism is harmful to the sustainable development of ecosystem because in its paradigm value is assessed from the perspective of humans. As a result, readers should develop critical capability and cultivate linguistic sensibility. This thesis aims to arouse people’s responsibility and obligation to nature through ecological discourse analysis, to call for the ecological consciousness of human society, and also to actively guide and cultivate reasonable and correct attitudes and methods of treating nature. At the same time, the study also makes an effort to the improvement of environmental problems from the perspective of language. It proposes some suggestions on the environmental reports from linguistic perspective to make the environmental reports more in line with modern ecological concepts.