中文题名: | 沦陷时期天津民众教育馆研究 |
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保密级别: | 公开 |
论文语种: | 中文 |
学科代码: | 060200 |
学科专业: | |
学生类型: | 硕士 |
学位: | 历史学硕士 |
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学位年度: | 2019 |
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学院: | |
研究方向: | 中国近现代史 |
第一导师姓名: | |
第一导师单位: | |
提交日期: | 2019-06-17 |
答辩日期: | 2019-06-09 |
外文题名: | A Research on Tianjin Mass Education Museum in the Period of Occupied |
中文关键词: | |
中文摘要: |
天津沦陷后,因民众教育馆能够深入基层社会,与市民互动颇为频繁,伪天津地方政权迅速对其加以利用,将其变成加强社会控制,宣传日伪意识形态的载体。待伪中华民国临时政府成立后,应伪“教育部”和新民会的要求,民众教育馆被迫更名为新民教育馆,在华北伪政权的主导意识形态——“新民主义”的指导下,天津的民众教育馆完全沦为“皇民化教育”的场所,直至抗战胜利,教育复员后才恢复正常。天津沦陷期间,伪市教育局将全市划分为九个“社会教育区”,每区设“市立”民众教育馆一处,除原有两所外,其余均由原讲演所、图书馆改组而来。从组织建制上看,相较于战前,天津沦陷区的民众教育馆在部门划分上更为细致,人员则几乎未有变化;从教育行政来看,伪市教育局对民众教育馆的管理与控制非常严格,各馆的自主性相当有限,这亦可以反映出日、伪双方对“思想战”的重视以及消解民众民族精神的狼子野心。
沦陷期间,天津各民众教育馆的教育活动主要包括文艺教育、休闲教育、“公民”教育等。文艺教育突出“知识的选择”,民众教育馆应上级要求,开设日语普及班,并对馆内的反日图书及“党国符号”进行审查、销毁,代之以大量的亲日书籍及日本国旗,以增强民众对日本的“国家认同”;休闲教育以“民众消夏会”、“春节同乐会”等为主体,通过在“国难”时期营造欢乐氛围来瓦解民众的抵抗意志;“公民”教育则以培养亲日“国民”为旨归,民众教育馆大力提倡传统道德,重建尊卑秩序,并以此来规训市民生活,各馆还积极营造“纪念场域”,协助“献纳运动”,鼓吹“大日本皇军”在战场上的胜利,宣传伪政权的统治合法性。除以上的常规活动之外,在“治安强化运动”和“新国民运动”期间,民众教育馆还在伪市政当局的要求下开展了不少临时活动。“治安强化运动”中,民众教育馆通过宣传讲演等途径构建“反共话语”,极力丑化中共形象,以增强民众“协力治安”的信念;在汪伪发动的“新国民运动”中,民众教育馆召开各类讲演会、座谈会,加强了对市民日常生活的训育,以完成“思想清乡”的目标。
总而言之,在日据时期,天津的民众教育馆的性质发生了明显变化,完全成为日军进行殖民统治的帮凶与“思想战”的载体,这一点是可以通过诸多坚实可靠的史料来证明的。因此,部分日本学者对相关问题的掩饰与歪曲显然无法立足。
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外文摘要: |
The Mass Education Museum is the "comprehensive office" and "central office" of the Nanjing National Government to carry out social education. It originated in Jiangsu at the earliest time, and gradually spread throughout the country under the advocacy of the political and academic circles. In 1931, Tianjin's first Mass Education Museum was established at the Dazhanlan outside Ximen. Its diversified educational practice and free ticket policy had great attraction to ordinary citizens. Before the outbreak of the national war of resistance against Japan, the two Mass Education Museum in Tianjin played a subtle role in popularizing cultural knowledge and rebuilding modern civilization.
After Tianjin was occupied by the enemy, because of the Mass Education Museum could penetrate into the grass-roots society and interact with the citizens frequently, the puppet local regime in Tianjin made use of it quickly and turned it into a carrier to strengthen social control and propagate the ideology of puppet and Japanese. After the establishment of the provisional government of the puppet Republic of China, at the request of the puppet Ministry of Education and the New People's Association, the Mass Education Museum was forced to change its name to the Xinmin Education Museum. Under the guidance of the dominant ideology of the puppet regime in North China, the Mass Education Museum in Tianjin was completely developed into the place of "imperial education" until the victory of the War of Resistance and the demobilization of education. During the period of the occupation of Tianjin, the Puppet Education Bureau divided the city into nine "social education zones" with one "municipal" Mass Education Museum in each district. Except for the original two, the rest came from the reorganization of the original lecture hall and library. In terms of organizational structure, compared with the pre-war, the Mass Education Museum in the occupied areas of Tianjin are more detailed in division of departments and almost unchanged in personnel matters; from the educational administration, the management and control of the Mass Education Museum by the Puppet Education Bureau are very strict, and the autonomy of the Mass Education Museum is quite limited, which can also reflect the Japan Fascist and the puppet attach great importance to the "ideological war" as well as the elimination of Chinsese people's national sense.
During the period of occupation, the educational activities of the Mass Education Museum in Tianjin mainly included literature and art education, leisure education and "citizen" education. Literature and art education emphasized the "choice of knowledge". The Mass Education Museum must set up Japanese popularization classes at the request of puppet government superiors, and clean up anti-Japanese books, destroy "The Kuomintang symbols" , instead of a large number of pro-Japanese books and Japanese flags, in order to enhance the people's "national identity" of Japan; leisure education took the "people's summer meeting" and "Spring Festival meeting" as the main activity. In the period of national calamity, above activities created a pleasant atmosphere to disintegrate the people's will to resist; "citizen" education aimed at cultivating pro-Japanese "citizens". The Mass Education Museum advocated traditional morality vigorously, rebuilded the order of superiority and inferiority, for the sake of establishing disciplines to people's daily life. Each Museum also holded commemorative activities, assisted the "dedication movement" and advocated the victory of the "Great Japanese Imperial Army" on the battlefield,in order to publicize ruling legitimacy of the puppet regime. In addition to the routine activities, during the period of " Public Order Enhancement Campaign" and "New Citizens Movement", the Mass Education Museum also carried out a lot of temporary activities at the request of the puppet municipal authorities. In the " Public Order Enhancement Campaign", the Mass Education Museum constructed "anti-communist discourse" through propaganda and lectures, and tried to defame the image of the Communist Party of China in order to enhance the people's belief in "co-operation in public order"; in the " New Citizens Movement" launched by Wang Jingwei Puppet regime, the Mass Education Museum held various lectures and symposiums to discipline the daily life of the citizens, so as to accomplish the goal of "Ideological Qingxiang Movement".
In a word, during the period of Japanese occupation, the nature of the Mass Education Museum of Tianjin changed obviously and became the accomplice of Japanese colonial rule and the carrier of "ideological war", which can be proved by a lot of solid and reliable historical materials. Therefore, it is obviously that some Japanese scholars'disguise and distortion of relevant issues could not be based on.
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参考文献总数: | 100 |
作者简介: | 杨宇辰,男,北京师范大学历史学院2016级硕士研究生,主要研究方向为中国近现代史 |
馆藏号: | 硕060200/19006 |
开放日期: | 2020-07-09 |