异化是一个历久弥新的概念，人类对自由的向往和不懈追求注定使其成为人们永远关注的焦点问题。尤其在当下这样一个异化与我们每个人如影随形、异化程度与过去相比有过之而无不及的时代，深入探究异化问题显得尤为重要。因此，通过文本解读、历史追溯、归纳分析等方法，研究哲学史上明确提出异化问题的思想源头——卢梭的异化观，进而分析卢梭异化观对马克思思想形成和发展的重要影响，具有非常重要的理论价值与现实意义。 近代以前，只是出现了异化观念的萌芽。在近代思想史上，卢梭是异化的先知先觉者，是他开启了批判资本主义社会异化的先河。卢梭异化观的形成既是特定社会历史背景的产物，又建立在其特殊的生活基础之上，既离不开前人思想的影响，又以其自然观为理论根基和前提。卢梭的异化观透彻地揭示了文明与自然的断裂与悖反，深刻地批判了社会进步背后的异化和滥用理性导致的人性异化；深入探究了异化产生的根源：人类自我完善的能力和私有制的产生；进而提出通过建立基于真正社会契约的民主共和国和实施道德与自然教育，达到“回归自然”，以扬弃异化。卢梭的异化观乃至其人饱受争议，同时集莫大的荣誉与羞辱于一身。其实卢梭思想在很多时候、在很大程度上都被解释者们误解、歪曲甚至滥用了。卢梭异化观中确实存在一些缺点和漏洞，但这并不触及其根本思想的核心，并不影响其思想的伟大和作品的独特。因而只要新一轮对卢梭的攻击卷土重来，对卢梭的守护也重新开始。 卢梭异化观的影响是巨大而深远的，在之后各种各样的运动和精神中都可以看到其思想印记。他对康德、费希特和黑格尔等著名的德国古典哲学家都产生了深刻的思想影响。而马克思哲学同卢梭异化观之间存在的某种潜在的、无意识的关系尤其值得关注。实际上，马克思十分重视且深受法国启蒙思想的影响，卢梭异化观是马克思哲学的重要来源，卢梭对马克思思想的形成和发展具有举足轻重的作用。无论在异化及其根源私有制问题上，在国家、公意、人民主权、自由平等等政治思想上，在唯物史观和辩证法思想上，还是在人文关怀和批判精神上，卢梭异化观都直接或通过德国古典哲学间接地影响了马克思，他对马克思的启发是深刻的。卢梭异化观对于当今社会的异化现实也具有重要的启示和意义。

Alienation is a timeless concept. Human’s yearning for and relentless pursuit of liberty make it always the focus of attention. Delve into the issue of alienation is especially important in such an era at present, in which alienation follows everyone of us so closely like a shadow and the degree of alienation is even much deeper compared with the past. Therefore, it has very important theoretical value and practical significance to study on the source of alienation in the history of philosophy——Rousseau’s alienation view, and then analyze its important influence on Marx’s thought through the methods of text interpretation, historical retrospection, inductive analysis and etc. Before modern times, just appeared the bud of the concept of alienation. In the history of modern thinking, Rousseau has the foresight to alienation and is the first to criticise the alienation of capitalist society. The formation of Rousseau’s alienation view is a product of specific social and historical background, and is based on his special life foundation, as well as the impact of previous thoughts and his view of nature as theoretical premises. Rousseau’s alienation view thoroughly reveals the fracture and paradox between civilization and nature, and deeply criticises the alienation behind social progress and the alienation of human nature due to the abuse of rationality. He delves into the roots of alienation, which are human beings’ ability of self-improvement and the emergence of private ownership. Then he puts forward the slogan of “returning to nature”, through the establishment of Democratic Republic based on a real social contract and the implementation of moral and natural education, so as to sublate alienation. Rousseau’s alienation view and even himself suffer from controversy and set great honor and shame at a suit at the same time. In fact, in many cases and to a large extent, Rousseau’s thoughts are misunderstood, distorted and even abused by interpreters. There’re indeed some shortcomings and loopholes in Rousseau’s alienation view, but this does not touch upon the core of the fundamental thought, and does not affect the greatness of his thought and the uniqueness of his works. Thus, as long as a new round of attacks on Rousseau stages a comeback, the guard of Rousseau will also restart. The influence of Rousseau’s alienation view is vast and profound. His thought imprints can be seen from all kinds of movements and spirits after him. He produces a great thought influence on Kant, Fichte, Hegel and other famous German classical philosophers. What’s particularly noteworthy is the underlying and unconscious relationship between Marx’s philosophy and Rousseau’s alienation view. Actually, Marx attaches great importance to the French Enlightenment thoughts and is deeply influenced by them. Rousseau’s alienation view is a significant source of Marx’s philosophy. Rousseau plays an important role in the formation and development of Marx’s thought. No matter on the issue of alienation and its root private ownership, on political thoughts such as the state, the general will, people's sovereignty, liberty and equality, on historical materialism and dialectics thought, or on the humane care and critical spirit, Rousseau’s alienation view affects Marx directly or indirectly through German classical philosophy. His inspiration to Marx is profound. Rousseau’s alienation view also has important inspirations and significance for the alienation of today’s society.