训练策略是为了实现训练目标而选择的状态转移通路，是保持与提高运动员竞技状态和能力的前提与基础，对运动员训练实践方向起到决定性作用；比赛负荷是揭示运动项目本质特征的重要内容，是合理安排训练负荷的重要参考与依据；能量代谢系统是维持机体各项生理机能正常工作的基本保证，是保持运动能力的重要前提。深化“体教融合”背景下，高校学生运动员的培养与发展已经成为我国优秀竞技体育人才培养的重要来源之一，更是推动我国体教融合高质量发展的动力所在。目前，有限时间内如何保证训练质量则成为教练员与运动员关注且亟待解决的问题，同时高水平运动训练过程的监控中负荷有效性刺激和能量代谢途径存在十分显著的性别差异。然而，对于大学女子足球运动员比赛的负荷特征与发展不同能量代谢系统为目的的训练设计等相关理论与实践指导的研究较为匮乏。

鉴于此，本研究基于能量代谢的视角，以大学女子足球运动员为对象，比赛中运用可穿戴设备、全景式代谢分析技术，从理论基础分析、实践基础研究、训练的理论设计和实证检验三个层面，运用文献资料法对足球运动能量代谢系统的训练手段与方法的相关文献、专著等信息资料进行回顾与分析；专家访谈法为明晰研究主要内容的结构与问题；问卷调查法筛选赛训负荷监测的指标和能量代谢系统训练的核心要素；采用测试法获取运动员的最大心率基础数值，进行运动对机体代谢影响的预实验以及可穿戴设备的信效度检验；运用实验法对大学女子足球运动员比赛负荷特征、比赛对运动员代谢的影响以及能量代谢系统训练策略设计的数据监测；比较研究法对不同训练策略设计的比较分析；运用数理统计法对采集数据进行清洗、分析以及模型验证，从大学女子足球运动员比赛负荷特征、代谢变化、能量代谢系统训练策略的理论设计和实证验证3个主要方面进行了递进式研究，旨在为我国大学女子足球运动员能量代谢系统训练设计提供科学性的指导，为提升我国大学女子足球运动员训练质量提供实操性的建议。

研究结果：

1. 设备信效度检验：选取混合间歇式跑动（TSSC）和“Z”字形变向跑动测试，分别对GPS和心率采集单元的信效度做了检测，其中ICC∈[0.65,0.99]、TEM%∈[0.4,11.4]，%相对标准值偏离∈(0.1,4%]、SEE∈[-0.5%,0.5%]，信效度检测结果基本符合实验研究的需求；

2. 与上半场相比，运动员下半场的比赛负荷数据呈下降趋势，上下半场之间均存在差异，且具有明显的位置特征。球员上半场不同时段跑动能力呈“W”型特点，下半场则表现为近似“M”型，上半场不同时段不同位置队员的跑动表现变化趋于一致，而下半场的跑动表现的一致性程度有所下降等特点。上半场前、中、后位置队员在低速跑、中速跑快速跑方面存在差异，而下半场并不存在高强度区间的位置差异。大学女子足球运动员高强度跑动次数偏少，并且保持高强跑动时间偏短，前场和后卫队员此项指标优于中场球员。

3. 从整场比赛的心率指标来看，上半场的运动负荷明显高于下半场，比赛中不同位置的运动员内部负荷变化趋势相同，上半场运动结束后3分钟以内的心率恢复率优于下半场运动结束后的，且在1min与2min的心率恢复表现中上下半场之间差异十分显著（P<0.01） ，3min时的心率恢复率存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。从运动员不同心率强度区间比较发现，80-89%与>90%的强度区间中场球员内部负荷强度远大于前场和后场球员，且全场比赛队员大于61%的时间运动心率强度均高于80%HRmax。

4. 初次采用液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）的代谢组学方法，研究非周期对抗性球类运动项目比赛对运动员代谢的影响。研究结果表明，大学女子足球运动员比赛前后尿液样本代谢物色谱图存在明显差异。人体能量代谢系统中与疲劳相关的代谢物发生了明显的增加(P<0.01)，供能底物则明显降低(P<0.01)；同时与中枢神经系统、神经传导过程有关的氨基酸代谢产物以及促成蛋白质合成的支链氨基酸代谢的相关代谢物含量升高。

5. 采用1:5与1:10的训练形式可以满足无氧磷酸原系统训练的负荷强度要求，但1:5间歇与训练比会产生更为强烈的负荷刺激；无氧糖酵解系统训练中1:10与1:5的训练形式均适合且长的间歇时间更符合大学女子足球运动员的需求；训练与间歇时间比为1:2或1:4和1:1或1:2训练策略符合无氧生成酸和无氧耐乳酸系统的训练要求；恒定与非恒定的间歇时间、人均场地面积、场地形状等训练策略设计符合不同强度有氧能力专项训练要求。

研究结论：

1.本研究根据足球运动的间歇性与多变向等特点选取了混合间歇式跑动（TSSC）和“Z”字形变向跑动两项测试对MT-sports的信效度进行了检验，此设备基本能够满足足球运动赛训负荷监测的需求。 

2. 大学高水平女子比赛中运动员整场跑动距离、不同速度区间占比以及间歇时长等方面的能力表现并不能够满足女子足球运动发展的需求。并且上下半场的运动表现明显存在差距，其中不同位置运动员在中强度区间的跑动能力存在明显差异，但低强度区间和高强度区间并不存位置上的不同。与专业女子足球运动员相比，我国大学女子足球运动员的高强度区间的跑动表现占比整体偏低。

3. 基于比赛情境下，运动员承受中高强度的内部负荷，且具有明显的位置特征，中场球员负荷强度最大，其次为前锋和后卫队员，并且球员上半场的内部负荷高于下半场，比赛中不同位置球员内部负荷变化趋于一致。 大学女子足球运动员的心率恢复能力方面，上半场赛后心率恢复表现优于下半场。 

4.大学女子足球运动员大强度比赛后显著性变化的代谢物主要涉及代谢通路为ATP系统、高能磷酸原系统、糖酵解系统和有氧氧化系统；神经调节系统、氨基酸代谢系统以及氧化应激反应。此研究从小分子代谢物层面揭示问题的产生，这也为足球竞赛和训练中的状态监控与结果评价提供了新的研究视角与有用的方法。

5.依据运动训练学的理论与原则要素，基于训练策略的结构要素，以提高运动员有氧与无氧能力为目标，进行了训练实操要素对训练效果的影响研究。无氧代谢系统的干预中，一定范围内训练与间歇时间的比值越小，更有利于刺激球员无氧无酸供能系统；反之，则更有效刺激了球员无氧有酸与无氧耐酸供能系统。有氧代谢系统的干预过程中，通过改变间歇时间、人均场地面积、场地形状以及训练规则等训练要素，能够满足大学女子足球运动员中高强度有氧能力专项训练的要求。实验研究表明，该能量代谢系统训练策略的设计具有一定的可行性和有效性，能够为大学女子足球运动员能量代谢能力的发展提供指导。

Training strategy is a state transition path selected to achieve training goals, it is the premise and basis for maintaining and improving athletes' competitive state and ability, and plays a decisive role in the direction of athlete's training practice; competition load is an important content to reveal the essential characteristics of sports. It is an important reference and basis for rationally arranging training load; the energy metabolism system is the basic guarantee for maintaining the normal work of various physiological functions of the body, and an important prerequisite for maintaining exercise capacity. Under the background of deepening the "integration of sports and education", the training and development of college student-athletes has become one of the important sources for the cultivation of outstanding competitive sports talents in my country, and it is also the driving force for the high-quality development of the integration of sports and education in my country. At present, how to ensure the quality of training within a limited time has become a problem that coaches and athletes are concerned about and need to solve urgently. At the same time, there are significant gender differences in load-effective stimulation and energy metabolism pathways in the monitoring of high-level sports training processes. However, there is a lack of theoretical and practical research on the load characteristics of college female soccer players and the training design for the development of different energy metabolism systems.

In view of this, this study is based on the perspective of energy metabolism, taking college female soccer players as the object, using wearable devices and panoramic metabolic analysis technology in the game, from three aspects: theoretical basis analysis, practical basic research, theoretical design of training and empirical test. At the level, the literature and data methods are used to review and analyze the relevant literature and monographs on the training methods and methods of the soccer energy metabolism system; the expert interview method is used to clarify the structure and problems of the main content of the study; the questionnaire survey method is used to screen the training load. Monitoring indicators and core elements of energy metabolism system training; using the test method to obtain the basic value of the athletes' maximum heart rate, conducting pre-experiments on the impact of exercise on the body's metabolism and testing the reliability and validity of wearable devices; using experimental methods to test college female soccer players. The characteristics of competition load, the impact of competition on athletes' metabolism and data monitoring of energy metabolism system training strategy design; the comparative analysis of different training strategy designs by comparative research method; the use of mathematical statistics to clean, analyze and model the collected data. Progressive research was carried out on three main aspects of female soccer players' game load characteristics, metabolic changes, theoretical design and empirical verification of energy metabolism system training strategies, in order to provide scientific guidance for the design of energy metabolism system training for female college soccer players in China  to provide practical suggestions for improving the training quality of female college soccer players in China.

Research result:

1. Equipment reliability and validity test: Mixed intermittent running (TSSC) and "Z" shape change running tests were selected to test the reliability and validity of GPS and heart rate acquisition units respectively, where ICC∈[0.65,0.99 ], TEM% ∈ [0.4, 11.4], % deviation from the relative standard value ∈ (0.1, 4%], SEE ∈ [-0.5%, 0.5%], the reliability and validity test results basically meet the needs of experimental research;

2. Compared with the first half, the competition load data of the athletes in the second half showed a downward trend, and there were differences between the two halves and obvious positional characteristics. The running ability of players at different times in the first half is characterized by a "W" shape, and in the second half, it is similar to an "M" shape. The degree of consistency has decreased and so on. In the first half, players in the front, middle, and rear positions had differences in low-speed running, medium-speed running and fast running, but there was no positional difference in the high-intensity interval in the second half. College female soccer players have fewer high-intensity running times and keep high-intensity running for a short time. Frontcourt and defender players are better than midfielders in this indicator.

3. Judging from the heart rate indicators of the whole game, the exercise load in the first half is significantly higher than that in the second half, and the changes in the internal load of athletes at different positions in the game are the same. The heart rate recovery rate within 3 minutes after the end of the first half of the exercise is better than After the second half of the exercise, the heart rate recovery performance at 1min and 2min was significantly different between the upper and lower halves (P<0.01), and there was a significant difference in the heart rate recovery rate at 3min (P<0.05). From the comparison of different heart rate intensity intervals of athletes, it is found that in the intensity interval of 80-89% and >90%, the internal load intensity of midfielders is much greater than that of frontcourt and backcourt players, and the heart rate intensity of players in the whole game is higher than 61% of the time. at 80% HRmax.

4. The metabolomics method of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for the first time to study the effects of non-periodic rivalry ball games on the metabolism of athletes. The results of the study showed significant differences in the metabolite chromatograms of urine samples from college female soccer players before and after games. The fatigue-related metabolites in the human energy metabolism system were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the energy-supplying substrates were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Elevated levels of metabolites associated with branched-chain amino acid metabolism that contribute to protein synthesis.

5. The training form of 1:5 and 1:10 can meet the load intensity requirements of anaerobic phosphogen system training, but the ratio of 1:5 interval to training will produce more intense load stimulation; anaerobic glycolysis system training Both 1:10 and 1:5 training formats are suitable, and the long interval time is more in line with the needs of college female soccer players; the ratio of training to interval time is 1:2 or 1:4 and 1:1 or 1:2 training strategy It meets the training requirements of anaerobic acid generation and anaerobic lactic acid resistance system; the constant and non-constant interval time, per capita field area, field shape and other training strategies are designed to meet the special training requirements of different intensities of aerobic capacity.

Analysis conclusion:

1. In this study, according to the intermittent and variable direction characteristics of soccer, two tests were selected to test the reliability and validity of MT-sports. This equipment can basically meet the needs of soccer training load monitoring.

2. In the high-level female competition in colleges, the performance of athletes' abilities in terms of running distance, proportion of different speed intervals, and interval duration cannot meet the needs of female soccer development. And there is an obvious gap in the performance of the upper and lower halves. There are obvious differences in the running ability of athletes in different positions in the medium-intensity interval, but there is no difference in position between the low-intensity interval and the high-intensity interval. Compared with professional female soccer players, the percentage of running performance in the high-intensity interval of Chinese college female soccer players is generally lower.

3. Based on the game situation, players are exposed to medium and high-intensity internal loads and have obvious positional characteristics. Midfielders have the highest load intensity, followed by forwards and defenders. The internal loads of players in the first half are higher than those in the second half. The internal load changes of players in different positions tend to be consistent. In terms of heart rate recovery ability of college female soccer players, the performance of heart rate recovery after the first half is better than that in the second half.

4. The metabolites with significant changes after high-intensity competition in female college soccer players are mainly involved in metabolic pathways: ATP system, high-energy phosphate system, glycolysis system and aerobic oxidation system; neuromodulation system, amino acid metabolism system and oxidative stress reaction. This study reveals the occurrence of the problem from the level of small molecule metabolites, which also provides new research perspectives and useful methods for state monitoring and result evaluation in soccer competitions and training.

5. According to the theory and principle elements of sports training, based on the structural elements of training strategies, aiming at improving the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of athletes, the research on the effect of training practical elements on the training effect was carried out. In the intervention of the anaerobic metabolic system, the smaller the ratio of training to interval time within a certain range, is more conducive to stimulating the player's anaerobic and acid-free energy supply system; energy system. During the intervention process of the aerobic metabolism system, by changing the training elements such as interval time, per capita field area, field shape and training rules, it can meet the requirements of high-intensity aerobic capacity special training for college female soccer players. The experimental study shows that the design of the energy metabolism system training strategy has certain feasibility and effectiveness, and can provide guidance for the development of the energy metabolism ability of college female soccer players.