青少年早期，面临大脑和生理骤变、情绪敏感性增高、人际关系困扰、对遵守社会规范要求提高等多重挑战，个体的情绪适应问题凸显。家庭中亲子互动是塑造儿童青少年情绪社会化最直接的前端因素。互动中，父母为提高孩子对情绪识别、理解和管理能力时表现出情绪相关的教养行为，即父母情绪社会化行为。它主要包括鼓励表达、安慰并帮助子女解决情绪问题等支持型行为和惩罚、斥责等非支持型行为。父母情绪社会化行为在儿童青少年情绪能力发展、情绪适应和行为适应中有着举足轻重的作用。已有研究发现父母情绪社会化行为的特点和作用存在儿童发展阶段差异，因此，系统探索青少年早期父母情绪社会化行为的特点及其作用，有助于针对青少年早期情绪适应开发干预方案，对帮助儿童更好过渡到青春期，促进其积极的情绪发展具有重要现实意义。此外，亲子互动作为复杂的动态过程，在实时互动和长时发展等多时间层次中有着不同的特征和内在机制过程，以往研究较少在我国家庭背景下展开，且多集中母亲群体，对父亲及父母作用差异较少涉及，对不同时间层次中的内在机制关注更少。因此，本研究在我国文化背景下，对家庭中父亲和母亲情绪社会化行为特点及其对青少年早期情绪适应在多时间层次中的影响及机制进行全面系统的研究。

本论文包含四个系列研究。研究一为基础研究，首先通过对西方经典父母情绪社会化行为量表进行本土化修订，考察6种父母情绪社会化行为在我国文化中的结构性质，并形成科学测量工具；基于此工具进一步通过横断和追踪研究，刻画父母情绪社会化行为在青少年早期的基本特点和发展特点，并考察父母差异。研究二基于三年追踪成对数据探讨父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应（抑郁、孤独感和主观幸福感）的影响及其父母差异。研究三在研究二的基础上，进一步深入探究父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应在多时间层次中的影响机制。在长时发展时间层次中，采用追踪数据检验青少年早期努力控制和情绪调节在其中的中介作用；在实时互动时间层次中，采用观察数据进一步考察父母情绪社会化行为如何通过影响青少年早期实时情绪唤醒和实时情绪调节策略的行为序列，进而影响其努力控制和情绪调节，并对上述影响机制中的父母差异进行考察。研究四采用质性研究完善补充我国父母情绪社会化行为在青少年早期的细节信息，整合验证多时间层次中的影响机制路径，并对前面量化差异结果进行解释和补充，为父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应性的动态过程提供丰富的细节表现。

本研究的主要研究结论如下：

1. 青少年早期父母情绪社会化行为的结构及特点

（1）我国父母情绪社会化行为也包括6种：鼓励表达、聚焦情绪、聚焦问题、最小化情绪、惩罚和父母困扰。与西方结构不同，最小化情绪在我国社会文化中存在积极适应作用，前4种为支持型情绪社会化行为，后2种为非支持型情绪社会化行为。

（2）青少年早期父母情绪社会化行为整体存在显著的父母差异，相对于父亲，母亲有着更多的支持型行为和更少的非支持型行为。同时，青少年早期父母情绪社会化行为整体具有线性变化特点，且存在父母差异。具体为：父亲支持型行为具有一定的稳定性，母亲支持型行为呈现显著下降趋势；父亲和母亲的非支持型行为均呈显著上升趋势，且母亲上升速度更快。

（3）父亲和母亲最小化情绪不存在显著差异，但最小化情绪的发展趋势存在显著的父母差异，基本与支持型行为变化特点一致，表现为：母亲最小化情绪呈下降趋势，父亲最小化情绪则趋于稳定。

（4）父母受教育程度和家庭经济收入是父母情绪社会化行为的重要影响因素，父母受教育程度越高，父母支持型行为越多，非支持型行为越少；母亲受教育程度越高，母亲支持型和最小化情绪下降速度越快。家庭经济收入越高，父亲支持型行为越多，非支持型行为上升速度越快；家庭经济收入对母亲情绪社会化行为的预测作用不显著。

2. 父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应的影响

（1）父母支持型和非支持型情绪社会化行为均能显著预测青少年早期情绪适应（抑郁、孤独感和主观幸福感），具有显著的父母效应，且母亲效应更大。具体为：母亲情绪支持型和非支持型行为能直接影响青少年早期情绪适应；父亲支持型和非支持型行为直接影响不显著，但其能通过影响母亲支持型和非支持型行为进而影响青少年早期情绪适应。

（2）最小化情绪对青少年早期情绪适应的预测作用与父母支持型行为基本一致，在我国社会文化中表现出长时的适应性作用。

3. 父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应的多时间层次影响机制

（1）在长时发展中，努力控制和情绪调节在父母支持型、非支持型行为和最小化情绪中均能存在显著的单独中介作用，也存在显著的“父母支持型、非支持型行为和最小化情绪→努力控制→情绪调节→青少年早期情绪适应”的链式中介作用。

（2）在实时互动中，父母情绪社会化行为与青少年早期实时情绪唤醒和实时情绪调节策略均存在显著的行为序列效应，具体为：父母支持型行为中的聚焦情绪和聚焦问题均能降低消极情绪唤醒，促进适应性情绪调节策略使用；鼓励表达和非支持型行为有着相反的实时行为序列效应，会唤醒更多消极情绪，促进更多非适应性情绪调节策略。此外，在支持型行为中，聚焦问题最能降低青少年早期消极情绪，也最能促进其适应性情绪调节策略使用；在非支持型行为中，父母困扰最能唤醒青少年早期外化消极情绪，也最能诱发其非适应情绪调节策略使用。以上实时行为组合序列效应中父亲效应均大于母亲。

（3）父母实时行为序列组合对青少年早期努力控制和情绪调节有着不同的作用，表现为，父母情绪社会化行为与实时情绪的行为序列效应能显著影响青少年早期努力控制和情绪调节；父母情绪社会化行为与情绪调节策略的行为序列效应只能显著影响青少年早期的情绪调节。且整体母亲效应大于父亲。

（4）在实时互动中，最小化情绪诱发青少年早期更多的实时消极情绪，使用更多非适应性情绪调节策略，更少的适应性策略，存在一定的“非适应”作用。但最小化情绪的各个行为序列组合对努力控制和情绪调节均不存在显著消极影响。

4. 父母情绪社会化行为对青少年早期情绪适应的动态影响及其机制

通过对青少年早期的深入访谈丰富了父母情绪社会化行为在日常生活中的典型表现；整合验证了多时间层次中“父母情绪社会化行为→实时情绪唤醒/实时情绪调节策略→努力控制/情绪调节→青少年早期情绪适应”的动态影响机制；解释了最小化情绪在长时发展和实时互动中作用差异的原因；同时也对影响机制中的父母差异表现和原因进行了深入挖掘和解释。

Early adolescence is characterized by substantial emotional challenges stemming from sudden changes in brain and physiology, heightened emotional sensitivity, interpersonal distress, and conformity pressures dictated by social norms. During this period, parent-child interaction within the family context is critical for emotional development. Parental Emotion socialization behaviors (ESBs) refer to how parents teach their children to manage negative emotions, including both supportive behaviors like acceptance, encouragement, and comfort, and non-supportive behaviors like punishment and blame. Parental ESBs significantly contribute to emotional and behavioral adaptation, but their impact vary across different developmental stages. Consequently, exploring the characteristics and roles of parental ESBs in early adolescence can facilitate the design of intervention programs aimed at enhancing emotional adjustment in this crucial period, thereby fostering positive emotional development. Furthermore, parent-child interaction is a multifaceted and dynamic process occurring at various time levels, such as real-time interaction and long-term development. However, previous studies have mainly focused on mothers in the Chinese family context, with limited exploration of fathers' roles and internal mechanisms at different time levels. Thus, the present study aims to comprehensively and systematically investigate the characteristics of fathers' and mothers' ESBs, as well as their effects and mechanisms on early adolescents' emotional adjustments at multiple time levels within the Chinese cultural context.

This dissertation includes four main studies. Study I served as a foundational investigation, and involved revising the Parental Coping to Children’s Negative Emotion Scale - Adolescent to provide a scientific measurement tool for subsequent research, then examined the developmental trajectories and gender differences of fathers' and mothers' ESBs using cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Study II explored the longitudinal effects of fathers' and mothers' ESBs on early adolescents' emotional adjustments (depression, loneliness, and subjective well-being) over three years. Gender differences among parents’ effects were also examined in this study . Building on the findings from Study II, Study III explored the mechanisms underlying the effects of parental ESBs on early adolescents' emotional adjustments at multiple time levels. Longitudinal data were analyzed to determine the long-term mediating role of early adolescent effortful control and emotion regulation, while observational data were utilized to examine the influence of parental ESBs on real-time emotional arousal and emotion regulation strategies. Additionally, the study explored the impacts of these real-time relations on effortful control and emotion regulation, while also examining any parental differences within these mechanisms. Finally, Study IV used qualitative research to supplement and improve the understanding of parental ESBs during early adolescence, to validate the long-term and real-time pathways of influence mechanisms, to clarify the special role of minimizing emotion, and to provide a dynamic representation of parental ESBs' impact on emotional adjustment in early adolescence.

The main findings of this study were as followed:

1. Characteristics of parental emotional socialization behaviors in early adolescence

(1) In China, parental ESBs can be categorized into six types: Expressive Encouragement, Emotion-focused, Problem-focused, Minimization, Punitive, and Parental Distress. In contrast to Western conceptualizations, minimizing emotion has a positive adaptive role in early adolescent’s emotional development. Accordingly, the first four behaviors are considered supportive emotion socialization behaviors, while the last two are non-supportive.

During early adolescence, mothers displayed more supportive and fewer non-supportive ESBs compared to fathers, but this trend reversed in sixth grade, with mothers exhibiting less supportive and more non-supportive behaviors than fathers. Additionally, changes in parental ESBs were linear and demonstrated parent-gendered differences. Specifically, fathers' supportive ESBs remained relatively stable, while mothers' supportive ESBs exhibited a significant declining trend. Both parents exhibited a significant increase in non-supportive ESBs over time, with mothers displaying a faster rate of increase.

The use of minimization did not differ significantly between mothers and fathers. However, similar to supportive ESBs, parent-gendered differences in the trajectory of minimization were observed. Specifically, fathers' minimization remained relatively stable, while mothers' minimization exhibited a significant decline.

Parental education and family income were found to have a significant impact on parental ESBs. Specifically, higher levels of parental education were associated with more supportive and less non-supportive ESBs. Additionally, higher maternal education was related to a faster decline in supportive ESBs and minimization. Moreover, a higher family income was linked to more supportive ESBs by fathers, and faster increases in non-supportive ESBs by fathers. However, family income did not emerge as a significant predictor of the mother's ESBs.

2. Effects of parental emotional socialization behaviors on early adolescent’s emotional adjustments

(1) Both parental supportive and non-supportive ESBs significantly predicted early adolescent emotional adjustments (e.g., depression, loneliness, and subjective well-being), with significant parental effects, and maternal effects being more prominent. Mothers' supportive and non-supportive behaviors had direct effects on early adolescents' emotional adjustments. In contrast, fathers' supportive and non-supportive behaviors did not have significant direct effects but influenced early adolescents' emotional adjustments by affecting mothers' ESBs.

(2) The prediction effect of parental minimization on early adolescent’s emotional adjustments is largely consistent with parental supportive ESBs, and showed a long-term adaptive role within Chinese context.

3. Mechanisms of parental emotional socialization behavior on early adolescent’s emotional adjustments

(1) In longitudinal development, both supportive and non-supportive parental ESBs can influence adolescents' early depression, loneliness, and subjective well-being through effortful control and emotion regulation, respectively, and also influence adolescents' early depression, loneliness, and subjective well-being through the chain mediation of effortful control and emotion regulation.

(2) In real-time interactions, parental ESBs can impact adolescents' real-time emotion arousal and the utilization of emotion regulation strategy. Specifically, emotion-focused and problem-focused ESBs can reduce negative emotion arousal and promote the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, while expressive encouragement and non-supportive ESBs exhibited the opposite effects in real-time behavioral sequences, leading to increased negative emotions and the promotion of  non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Among the six types of ESBs examined, problem-focused ESBs demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing negative emotions and promoting adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Parental distress was found to elicit externalizing negative emotions in adolescents and induce ineffective emotion regulation strategies. Notably, father's effect was found to be greater than the mother's effect in all of the above real-time behavioral sequence effects.

(3) The impacts of parental real-time behavioral sequences had different effects on adolescents' effortful control and emotion regulation. Specifically, the sequential effects of parental ESBs and real-time emotions were found to significantly influence adolescents' effortful control and emotion regulation, and the sequential effects of parental ESBs and emotion regulation strategies were found to only significantly affect adolescents' emotion regulation. Notably, the influence of mother’s behavioral sequences surpassed that of fathers..

(4) In real-time interactions, minimization can evoke heightened real-time negative emotions in early adolescents, leading to an increased tendency to use non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies, and a reduced utilization of adaptive strategies, thereby demonstrating maladaptive effects. However, no significant effects were found in the relationships between all behavioral sequences involving minimization and effortful control as well as emotion regulation.

4. Dynamic effects of parental emotional socialization behaviors on adolescents' early emotional adjustments and their mechanisms

Through in-depth interviews with early adolescents, qualitative data were used to portray the typical manifestations of parental emotional socialization behaviors in the daily lives of early adolescents, and to validate the dynamic mechanism of “parental emotion socialization behaviors→real-time emotion arousal/ real-time emotion regulation strategies→effortful control/emotional regulation→early adolescent emotional adjustments” across multiple time levels. Furthermore, a detailed explanation was provided about the different functions of minimization in long-term development and real-time interactions. Additionally, the investigation studied the varied contributions of fathers and mothers to adolescents’ emotional adjustments, and attempted to uncover the causes of these contrasts.