作为一本“著作”的《德意志意识形态》（简称《形态》）在马克思恩格斯生前仅部分发表，马克思对其手稿的评价是一个已经完结的、“自己弄清问题”的过程，恩格斯也没有表现出公开发表的兴趣。其手稿不是作为一捆材料保存起来的，本身不仅遭受到严重损坏，而且在流传的过程中不同版本的编辑使得文本具有片段性。《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版第 2 版(MEGA2)以完整的文本形式展现了马克思恩格斯的思想痕迹，开辟了解读这部著作的新纪元。

在此背景下，本文的研究分四章展开：第 1 章反思文献学研究带来的新问题，进而探求《形态》作为解读唯物史观的基础文本的理论依据。第 2 章从形成史及文本特征方面对《形态》进行文献学考察，论证其作为两卷本著作在体系上的一贯性，确立“I.费尔巴哈”章在文献学研究与文本解读中的先在性与主导性。第 3 章参照《形态》整体章节逻辑，对集中体现理论制定的“I.费尔巴哈”章进行文本解读，充分运用历史考证版及其文献学成果把握唯物史观的创立过程与系统阐发。第 4 章强调《形态》文本研究的独特价值，并阐述唯物史观作为实证科学历史意识与指导线索的理论意义。

作为马克思恩格斯明确表达自己思想立场而写下的论战性著作，《形态》的部分文本不可避免地带有争论性、未完成性的局限。而《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版在有些文本的处理上也可能有错漏问题或还原论倾向，因此要批判性接受文献研究的新结论。“I.费尔巴哈”章较为明确地阐述了马克思恩格斯的理论立场，具体展开了唯物史观的各种概念，仍是最新版本编排下值得重点研究的章节。同时结合作为正文补充、不断得到修订的“异文详情”(Varantenverzeichnis)来阅读“文本”，可以更好地追溯马克思恩格斯思想形成的动态过程。

As a "work", The German Ideology (Ideology for short) was only partially published before Marx and Engels, and Marx's evaluation of his manuscript was a completed, "clarify the problem" process, and Engels did not Show interest in public publication. The manuscript was not saved as a bundle of materials. It not only suffered serious damage, but also edited the different versions in the process of circulation, making the text fragmentary. "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" Historical Verification Edition 2 (MEGA2) presents the traces of Marx and Engels' thoughts in a complete text, opening up a new era of interpretation of this book.
    Under this background, the research of this article is divided into four chapters: Chapter 1 reflects on the new problems brought about by philological studies, and then explores the theoretical basis of Ideology as the basic text for interpreting historical materialism. Chapter 2 conducts a philological study of Ideology from the perspective of formation history and textual characteristics, demonstrates its systematic consistency as a two-volume book, and establishes the "I. Feuerbach" chapter in philological research and text interpretation priority and dominance. Chapter 3 refers to the logic of the overall chapter of Ideology and interprets the "I. Feuerbach" chapter that embodies the theoretical formulation, making full use of the historical text and its philological achievements to grasp the creation process and systematic interpretation of the historical materialism . Chapter 4 emphasizes the unique value of the text study of Ideology and expounds the theoretical significance of historical materialism as an empirical scientific historical consciousness and guiding clue.

As a controversial work written by Marx and Engels to clearly express his ideological position, part of the text of Ideology is inevitably controversial and unfinished. The historical textual version of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" may also have errors or omissions or reductionism in the processing of some texts, so we must critically accept the new conclusions of literature research. The "I. Feuerbach" chapter elaborates on Marx and Engels' theoretical position more clearly, and unfolds various concepts of historical materialism. It is still a chapter worth studying under the latest edition. At the same time, reading the "text" in conjunction with the "Varantenverzeichnis" as a supplement to the text and constantly being revised can better trace the dynamic process of the formation of Marx and Engels' thought.